Nasal passage

Cyptosmia. Impairment of olfaction by obstmction of the nasal passages. 

Potassium biduoride crystals may break down to a fine white powder that is readily airborne. In this form, the salt is quite irritating to the nasal passages, eyes, and skin. Therefore, the hands and eyes should be protected and acid dust masks should be worn while handling, as an acid duoride KHF2 can cause superficial hydroduoric acid-type bums. Areas of skin that have been in contact with potassium biduoride should be washed as soon as possible with mildly alkaline soaps or borax-containing hand cleaners. If there has been contact with the eyes, they should be washed well with water and a physician should be consulted. 

Health and Safety Factors. Magnesium hydroxide is not absorbed by the skin. Dry magnesium hydroxide may irritate the eyes, skin, nasal passages, and respiratory tract. Routes of body entry are skin contact, eye contact, inhalation, and ingestion. No LD q values for Mg(OH)2 are available. 

Toxicology. The acute oral and dermal toxicity of naphthalene is low with LD q values for rats from 1780—2500 mg/kg orally (41) and greater than 2000 mg/kg dermally. The inhalation of naphthalene vapors may cause headache, nausea, confusion, and profuse perspiration, and if exposure is severe, vomiting, optic neuritis, and hematuria may occur (28). Chronic exposure studies conducted by the NTP ia mice for two years showed that naphthalene caused irritation to the nasal passages, but no other overt toxicity was noted. Rabbits that received 1—2 g/d of naphthalene either orally or hypodermically developed changes ia the lens of the eye after a few days, foUowed by definite opacity of the lens after several days (41). Rare cases of such corneal epithelium damage ia humans have been reported (28). Naphthalene can be irritating to the skin, and hypersensitivity does occur. 

Although the nose houses and protects the cells that perceive odor, it does not direcdy participate in odor perception. The primary function of the nose is to direct a stream of air into the respiratory passages. While this function is occurring, a small fraction of the inhaled air passes over the olfactory epithelium, located 5—8 cm inside the nasal passages. This olfactory area occupies about 6.45 cm (one square inch) of surface in each side of the nose. 

There are certain weU-estabUshed facts about olfaction (6). AU normal people can smell. People suffering from brain lesions, injured olfactory nerve, or obstmcted nasal passages may be anosmic. Cases of preferential anosmia, ie, abUity to sense certain smells and not others, are not weU estabUshed. Such cases occur, but Utde is known of them. 

Noticeable irritation of eyes and nasal passages after few minutes exposure Severe irritation of the throat, nasal passages and upper respiratory tract Severe eye irritation... 

Their vapors are irritating to nasal passages and to the throat. These effects are noticeable in airborne concentrations of 2-5 ppm [43,44]. When large quantities of these materials are used, efficient ventilation is required. Because alkyl... 

Noticeable irritation of eyes and nasal passages tiflcr a few minutes exposure... 

Care must be taken throughout to prevent loss of the product by volatilization. Furthermore, the vapors should not be allowed to come into contact with the nasal passages, as violent sneezing is produced. 

When a patient is to have nose drops instilled for nasal congestion, the nurse examines the nasal passages and describes the type of secretions present in the nose The nurse also should obtain the blood pressure because nose drops that contain adrenergic dragp are not given to those with high blood pressure... 

Rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, irritation of nasal passages, headache Tremor, sweating, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, hypersensitivity, headache... 

Severe irritation of the throat, nasal passages and upper respiratory tract... 

Patients prescribed intranasal steroids should be instructed to shake the product gently before each use and prime the pump before the first use or if not used for more than 1 week. Clear nasal passages before use, and avoid nose blowing for 10 to 15 minutes after use. Rare cases of septal perforation have been reported therefore, administration of the spray away from the septum should be stressed. Effects are not immediate, and regular use is... 

Topical intranasal decongestants (e.g., oxymetolazine, xylome-tolazine, phenylephrine, and naphazoline) are OTC options that provide prompt relief of nasal congestion. Nasal decongestants are dosed multiple times daily.15 Tachyphylaxis, rebound congestion, and rhinitis medicamentosa may occur with chronic use therefore, use should be limited to 3 to 5 days.8,12 These may be used 5 to 10 minutes before administration of intranasal corticosteroids in patients with blocked nasal passages.15... 

Turbinate Any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passage. 

The ICRP deposition model estimates the fraction of inhaled material initially retained in each compartment (see Figure 3-2). The model was developed with five compartments (1) the anterior nasal passages (ET,) (2) all other extrathoracic airways (ET2) (posterior nasal passages, the naso- and oropharynx, and the larynx) (3) the bronchi (BB) (4) the bronchioles (bb) and (5) the alveolar interstitium (AI). Particles deposited in each of the regions may be removed and redistributed either upward into the respiratory tree or to the lymphatic system and blood by different particle removal mechanisms. 

Absorption into Blood. The ICRP model assumes that absorption into blood occurs at equivalent rates in all parts of the respiratory tract, except in the anterior nasal passages (ET,), where no absorption occurs. 

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