Sensitivity to initiation

The calculations show that for both considered types of signals the CCF are very sensitive to initial phases of current and reference pulses and difference in their carrier frequencies. The CCF is also sensitive to the g-factor of loaded vibrators of probes and number of periods in the signal. 

As already mentioned, the motion of a chaotic flow is sensitive to initial conditions [H] points which initially he close together on the attractor follow paths that separate exponentially fast. This behaviour is shown in figure C3.6.3 for the WR chaotic attractor at /c 2=0.072. The instantaneous rate of separation depends on the position on the attractor. However, a chaotic orbit visits any region of the attractor in a recurrent way so that an infinite time average of this exponential separation taken along any trajectory in the attractor is an invariant quantity that characterizes the attractor. If y(t) is a trajectory for the rate law fc3.6.2] then we can linearize the motion in the neighbourhood of y to get... 

Tetiyl. 2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylm tramine (tetryl) was used ia pressed form, mostly as a booster explosive and as a base charge ia detonators and blasting caps because of its sensitivity to initiation by primary explosives and its relatively high energy content. Properties are presented ia Table 11 (173). Batch and continuous processes for the production of tetryl have been developed. Tetryl is no longer used ia the United States and has been replaced by RDX (174-178). 

Since the speed of information propagation is, as we shall see in chapter 4, related to the Lyapunov exponent for the CA evolution, and is a direct measure of the sensitivity to initial conditions, it should not be surprising to learn that various rules can also be distinguished by the degree of predictability for the outcome of... 

Strange Attractors The motion on strange attractors exhibits many of the properties normally associated with completely random or chaotic behavior, despite being well-defined at all times and fully deterministic. More formally, a strange attractor S is an attractor (meaning that it satisfies properties (i)-(iii) above) that also displays sensitivity to initial conditions. In the case of a one-dimensional map, Xn+i = for example, this means that there exists a <5 > 0 such that for... 

In contrast to dissipative dynamical systems, conservative systems preserve phase-space volumes and hence cannot display any attracting regions in phase space there can be no fixed points, no limit cycles and no strange attractors. There can nonetheless be chaotic motion in the sense that points along particular trajectories may show sensitivity to initial conditions. A familiar example of a conservative system from classical mechanics is that of a Hamiltonian system. 

Both the complexity and the sensitivity to initial states of the patterns generally increases as the number of initial sites with nonzero amplitude increases. As the number of nonzero sites increases, it also becomes increasingly likely that a change in the value of one of those sites (or a move in its location either to the left or right) will significantly alter the resulting pattern. 

Lorentz found that when r = 28, cr = 10 and b = 8/.1, (i) the trajectories are attracted to a bounded region in space, (ii) the motion appears chaotic, and (iii) there is a great sensitivity to initial conditions. 

Br.(02NN)CH2.CH2(NN02).CH3, mw 243.04, N 23.06%, OB to C02 —29.6%, pale yellow cryst, mp 118—19° (decompn) sol in acet. Prepn from N-methyl-ethylenedinitramine dissolved in aq KOH by adding liq bromine drop-wise with stirring. Yield of w-washed ppt is 90%. Explosion temp is above 360°. Power is 101.2% (TNT=100%). Sensitivity to initiation is 6.6cm... 

Impact Sensitiveness, by Kast apparatus with 2kg wt, it explodes at 40cm drop, vs 4cm for NG. Even when mixed with kiesetguhr it is less sensitive than NG (Compare with FI) Initiation Sensitiveness. See Sensitiveness to Initiation... 

Sensitiveness to Flame. See under Ignition and Explosion of MeN by Flame Sensitiveness to Initiation. MeN is more sensitive, than NG. For example, when it is initiated with a No 1 cap, under w tamping, the detonation effectiveness is equal to 88% of that with a No 8 cap, while NG under the same conditions gives only 33% effectiveness Toxicity and Fire Explosion Hazards are briefly discussed in Refs 11 12 Uses It can be used as a gelatinizer of collod cotton in commercial expls, but its high volatility is objectionable (Ref 2, p 208). Has been used in some rocket propints (Refs 11 12) Method of analysis of MeN is described by Vandoni (Ref 10)... 

Nizol. An expl patented by Schweiz of Spreng-stoff-Fabrik AG, Dottikon (SwissP 226852), contg m-dinitrobenzene made more sensitive to initiation by the addition of 30% PETN. It was... 

Heat Test. Loss 1st 48 hrs 0,07% loss 2nd 48 hrs 0.00% explosion in 100 hrs none Hygroscopicity. % wt gain at 30°, 90% RH trace Vacuum Stability Test, cc/40 hrs at 90° none 100° none 120° 0.11 Sand Bomb Test (200g). 16.3 g sand Sensitivity to Initiation. Minimum detonating charge, g LA 0.20 Tetryl 0.25 Solubility. g/lOOcc solvent in water at 100° 0.10 NB at 150°, <15. Sol in acet ac, nitric acid, caustic potash v sol in dimethyl form-amide insol in ethyl ale, benz, butyl acetate, CC14 ethyl ether (Ref 6)... 

It should be noted that the incorporation of substances such as TNT increased the sensitivity to initiation, and the addition of AN increased the quantity of expln gases, while at the same time diminishing the sensitivity of the perchlorate expl to open flame Refs See below under Inorganic Perchlorate Military Explosives... 

Its d was 1.20—1.25g/cc Trauzl test value, 370-380cc sensitivity to initiation, required at least a No 3 cap for detonation Refs 1) Naoum, Expis (1927), 132—3 2) Stettbacher (1933), 316 3) Pepin-Lehal-... 

Gap test. 23cm vs 22cm for Tetryl impact sensitivity. 5kg wt 50% explns obtained with a fall of 80cm comparable to Tetryl Sensitivity to initiation. Comparable to that of Tetryl... 

Tetryl is a pale yellow solid, melting at 129°C. It is moderately sensitive to initiation by friction or percussion. Tetryl is most used in the form of pressed pellets as primers for other less easily initiated explosives. 

Udupa, M. R., Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech., 1983, 8, 109-111 Unusually sensitive to initiation and of high explosive power [1], it decomposes violently at 350°C [2], The explosive properties have been determined [3], and thermal decomposition at 275-325° was studied in detail [4],... 

The complex formed between 4,6-dinitrobenzofurazan 3-oxide and potassium hydroxide has been evaluated as an explosive [1]. The structure is now7 believed to be that of a Meisenheimer complex [2], The analogous sodium, silver and barium salts are also explosive, the latter being less sensitive to initiation [3],... 

The monomeric azide and several precursors are explosives of moderate to considerable sensitivity to initiation by impact, shock, friction or heat. 

Elliot, M. A. et al., Kept. Invest. No. 4169, Washington, US Bin. Mines, 1948 Tests of sensitivity to initiation by heat, impact, shock or ignition sources were made on mixtures of a variety of absorbent materials containing a stoicheiometric amount of 40-70% perchloric acid. Wood meal with 70% acid ignited at 155°C and a mixture of coal and 60% acid which did not ignite below 200° C ignited at 90° C when metallic iron was added. Many of the mixtures were more sensitive and dangerous than common explosives. 

Dry mixtures of barium phosphinate and potassium chlorate bum rapidly with a feeble report if unconfined, but even under the slight confinement of enclosing in paper, a sharp explosion occurs. The mixture is readily initiated by sparks, impact or friction. A mixture of calcium phosphinate, potassium chlorate and quartz exploded during mixing. Mixtures of various phosphinates and chlorates have been proposed as explosives, but they are very sensitive to initiation by sparks, friction or shock. Admixture of powdered magnesium causes a brilliant flash on initiating the mixture. 

The high temperatures and pressures created during transient cavitation are difficult both to calculate and to determine experimentally. The simplest models of collapse, which neglect heat transport and the effects of condensable vapor, predict maximum temperatures and pressures as high as 10,000 K and 10,000 atmospheres. More realistic estimates from increasingly sophisticated hydrodynamic models yield estimates of 5000 K and 1000 atmospheres with effective residence times of <100 nseconds, but the models are very sensitive to initial assumptions of the boundary conditions (30-32). 

Primary explosives differ from secondary explosives in that they undergo a rapid transition from burning to detonation and have the ability to transmit the detonation to less sensitive (but more powerful) secondary explosives. Primary explosives have high degrees of sensitivity to initiation through shock, friction, electric spark, or high temperature, and explode whether confined or unconfined. Some widely used primary explosives include lead azide, silver azide, tetrazene, lead styphnate, mercury fulminate, and diazodinitrophenol. Nuclear weapon applications normally limit the use of primary explosives to lead azide and lead styphnate. 

Tetryl (C7H5N508) is a pale yellow crystalline solid. It is moderately sensitive to initiation by friction and percussion and is used in the form of pressed pellets as primers for explosive compositions that are less sensitive to initiation. It is slightly more sensitive than picric acid and considerably more sensitive than TNT. In the early 1900s, tetryl was used as base charges for blasting caps but now has been replaced by PETN and RDX. During World War II, tetryl was used as a component of explosive mixtures. 

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