Respiratory equipment

The first -PDA antiozonants were low molecular weight -diaLkyl-/)-PDAs which caused skin irritations. Current higher molecular weight -dialkyl or A/-alkyl-AT-aryl derivatives are not primary skin irritants. A notable exception is A/-(I-methylethyl)-A7-phenyl-/)-PDA, which causes dermatitis. However, since some individuals are more sensitive than others, antiozonants should always be handled with care (46). When skin contact does occur, the affected area should be washed with mild soap and water. In case of eye contact, flush weU with water. Inhalation of mbber chemicals should be avoided, and respiratory equipment should be used in dusty areas. 

Entry into a tank that has contained any chlorinated or any easily evaporated solvent requires special procedures to ensure worker safety. The heavier vapors tend to concentrate in unventilated spaces. The proper tank entry procedure requires positive ventilation, testing for residue solvent vapor and oxygen levels, and the use of respiratory equipment and rescue harness. Monitoring the tank from outside is also important. The use of an appropriate gas mask is permissible in vapor concentrations of less than 2% and when there is no deficiency of atmospheric oxygen, but not for exposures exceeding one-half hour. Skin exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane can cause irritation, pain, bHsters, and even burning. Eye exposure may produce irritation, but should... 

Heterogeneous eatalysts are often loeated at the top of a reaetor and manipulated with temporary handling equipment. To avoid exposure to toxie dust, loeal ventilation should be installed if this is impraetieable, serupulous use of personal proteetive equipment and rigid eomplianee with systems-of-work are essential. Respiratory equipment may inelude self-eontained or line-fed breathing apparatus. 

Some niekel eompounds may be irritant to skin and eyes and dermal eontaet with niekel ean result in allergie eontaet dermatitis. Niekel earbonyl is extremely toxie by inhalation and should be handled in totally enelosed systems or with extremely effieient ventilation. Air monitors linked to alarms may be required to deteet leaks. Respiratory equipment must be available for dealing with leaks. Biologieal eheeks (e.g. niekel in urine) should be eonsidered for routine operations involving niekel eatalysts. 

Work in well-ventilated area wearing appropriate skin proteetion and respiratory equipment. Cheek for leaks (e.g. witli aqueous ammonia) and eonsider the need for deteetion/alarm systems. Leaks should be dealt with immediately after evaeuating the area. 

Wear proteetive elothing sueh as rubber or plastie aprons, rubber gloves, gas-tight goggles and respiratory equipment as appropriate. 

Consider the need for appropriate personal proteetion ineluding eye, skin and respiratory equipment. 

In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment Wear eye/face protection... 

During fumigation/spraying wear suitable respiratory equipment (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturers)... 

Provision of adequate respiratory equipment and instructions on its correct use ... 

Work in well ventilated area wearing appropriate skin protection and respiratory equipment. 

Normal air contains about 21% oxygen by volume. The human body is sensitive to reductions in oxygen concentration concentrations below 19.5% are dangerous, and concentrations below 16% can cause distress. Respiratory equipment without self-contained air supplies must never be used in atmospheres below 19.5% oxygen. 

Personal protective equipment is clothing and/or respiratory equipment worn to protect the body against various forms of contamination. Some of the most common forms of personal protective equipment include dust masks, air purifying respirators, protective suits made from particulates or chemically resistant materials such as Tyvek (E.I. Du Pont de Nemours Company, Inc., Wilmington, DE) and/or other fabrics, and lightweight protective rubber gloves or chemical-resistant gloves. 

Support and maintenance. Facilities must be available for the proper storage and maintenance of respiratory equipment. Regular cleansing and sanitation is essential. It is preferable that each employee be assigned his/her own respirator, but, failing that, the user must be satisfied that the respirator is in fact clean and sanitary. All equipment, with the exception of consumable dust filters, which should be replaced after use, must be kept clean and ready for use. Over a period of time, a piece of equipment will deteriorate even when not used. Consequently, regular inspection must be conducted damaged or deteriorated equipment must be identified and replaced when necessary. It is also necessary to ensure a supply of consumables such as replaceable filters as well as equipment components. 

First layer remedies use immediate technical recommendations targeted to prevent a particular incident. Consider the case where an employee is injured hy inhalation exposure while taking a liquid chlorine process sample. First-layer recommendations would address such items as changes to the sampling procedure, refresher training, and selection and use of personal protective respiratory equipment. 

Oxygen deficiency may result from the displacement of oxygen by another gas, or the consumption of oxygen by a chemical reaction. Confined spaces or low-lying areas are particularly vulnerable to oxygen deficiency and should always be monitored prior to entry. Qualified plant personnel should always monitor oxygen levels and should use atmosphere-supplying respiratory equipment [21]. 

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