Irritant substances

Substances are classified as irritants if they can cause inflammation, after a 4-h dermal exposure, that lasts for more than one day. Inflammation is defined as redness of the skin without any irreversible effect In contrast, a corrosive effect damages the skin, at least partially, and is thus an irreversible reaction. For recovery of the skin, heaUng processes are necessary, i.e. rephcation of the skin on a cellular basis. Irritative reactions are reversible. 

Skin irritation results are obtained when corrosive/irritative behavior is investigated (see Section 3.2.4). Additional eye testing is only allowed if no skin corrosive property exists. 

For investigations of dermal irritative properties, various test models are available. The classical OECD guideline is to apply the substance to the freshly shaved skin of a rabbit. This very sensitive skin should represent the behavior of highly sensitive people. 

In contrast to the testing of a corrosive reaction, which may only be investigated on the skin, an irritant reaction has to be tested additionally at the eyes. Animal test methods are not available for measuring an irritant effect on the respiratory tract. These effects can only be assessed by human reactions at the workplace. The following R-phrases have to be used to express an irritant effect  

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On the basis of these differences in species response it was concluded that phthalates do not pose a significant health hazard to humans. This view is home out by the EU Commission decision of July 25, 1990 which states that DEHP shall not be classified or labeled as a carcinogenic or an irritant substance (42). This has been reaffirmed in a comprehensive review (43) which concludes that "peroxisome proliferators constitute a discrete class of nongenotoxic rodent hepatocarcinogens and that the relevance of thek hepatocarcinogenic effects for human hazard assessment is considered to be negligible."... 

Many irritative chemicals may cause non-specific hyper-responsitivity of the airways and skin. The number of irritating chemicals is very large, several thousands. The symptoms caused by exposure to irritants may resemble allergic symptoms. In addition, exposure to irritating substances (such as sulfur dioxide or solvent vapors) often triggers the symptoms in individuals with allergic asthma. 

Reiz-gas, n. irritant gas, Mil.) tear gas or sneeze gas. -geschoss, n. irritant gas projectile. -gift, n. irritant poison, -kerze, /. Mil.) irritant candle, -korper, m. irritant substance, Mil.) lacrimator. reizloa, a. nonirritant, nonatimulating unattractive, insipid. 

The interaction of irritating substance with the cell membrane can also be measured if red blood cells are used. With a photometric determination the hemolysis (L f) and denaturation (D f) is measured. The ratio LID is an expression for the dermatological compatibility. Low LID figures describe a certain irritation, high LID figures describe a substance as mild. Results found for the... 

Irritant contact dermatitis results from first-time exposures to irritating substances such as soaps, plants, cleaning solutions, or solvents. Allergic contact dermatitis occurs after an initial sensitivity and further exposure to allergenic substances, including poison ivy, latex, and certain types of metals. 

Acute bronchitis most commonly occurs during the winter months. Cold, damp climates and/or the presence of high concentrations of irritating substances such as air pollution or cigarette smoke may precipitate attacks. 

Physical characteristics of photosmog include a yellow-brown haze, which reduces visibility, and the presence of substances which irritate the respiratory tract and cause eye-watering. The yellowish color is owed to NO2, whilst the irritant substances include ozone, aliphatic aldehydes, and organic nitrates. The four conditions necessary before photosmog can develop are ... 

For this reason it is emphasized that all future work, which will form a basis for a psychological reaction to the drug itself, be carried out with only placebo negative subjects. It is well known that people will volunteer as subjects for application of irritant substances to the skin without building up many anxieties in themselves. However, very few people like to breathe in toxic agents. 

Skin irritation. Primary skin irritation tests run on this polyether indicate the material should be considered a very irritating substance. 

A general definition of an irritant substance is A noncorrosive substance, which, through immediate contact with the tissue under consideration, may cause inflammation. 

Some moths and caterpillars produce irritating substances or fend off predators with substances that do not taste good and are thus avoided. 

A much more aggressive group of insects, with great power for their size, that almost all of us have come in contact with are ants. Ants produce poisonous or irritating substances as a means of defense. Most ants have a stinger, and some can spray substances onto skin or the wound created by their powerful jaws. 

Moths and caterpillars Irritating substance Designed so they do not taste good... 

CA084 Gal, S. and E. Jenny. Extraction of the irritating substances from crude coffee. Patent-Swiss-568,719 1975. 

The non-irritant substances can be injected by this route. The rate of absorption of drug is constant and slow to provide a sustained effect. The site of injection is usually the outer surface of the arm, or front of the thigh. Self medication (e.g. insulin) is possible because deep penetration is not needed. Other drugs which are administered subcutaneously are adrenaline, morphine and certain hormonal preparations. 

Toxicology Irritating substance In vitro cytotoxicity on human lung Carcinoma Cell Line Hazard labeling Xn Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. May cause sensitization. 

Diphenylbromoarsine, (C6H.5)aAsBr wh crysts, mp 54—56° a very irritant substance (Refs 1 2), similar in its properties to the Chemical Warfare Agent Diphenylchloroarsine described as DA in Vol 2 of Encycl, p C166 Refs 1) Beil 16, 845 [431] 2) Cond-... 

The effects of intrathecal administration, both wanted and unwanted, are still much debated (448). The question as to whether oral glucocorticoid therapy should be preferred to intrathecal injections is raised by the harmful effects that have sometimes occurred after the latter, although some of these may have been caused by irritative substances in the injection fluid (SEDA-6, 331). The same local glucocorticoid concentrations can probably be attained with fewer problems with oral administration. Epidural injection of glucocorticoids seems to be safer than intrathecal injection, but injection of high doses can cause the same systemic adverse effects as seen with oral treatment. Facial flushing and erythema after lumbar... 

Stinging and Irritating Substances Their Identification and Assessment... 

Chapter 39 Stinging and Irritating Substances Their Identification and Assessment 501 Karen Cooper, Marie Marriott, Lisa Peters, and David Basketter... 

The Draize eye irritancy test, in which unanesthetized rabbits have irritant substances applied to their eyes, yields results that are inherently unreliable in predicting human toxicity. Humans and rabbits differ in the structure of their eyelids and corneas as well as in their abilities to produce tears. When comparing rabbit to human data on the duration of inflammation after exposure to 14 household products, they differed by a factor of 18 to 250. 

Volume 1 of this series was concerned with the possible long-term effects of 15 anticholinesterase and 24 anticholinergic chemicals and was issued in 1982. Volume 2 was concerned with four cholinesterase reactivators, 12 psychochemicals, mustard gas, and a variety of irritant substances it was issued in 1984. This report is Volume 3 of the series. 

Two pictogrammes were added in 2005 under GHS for labelling chronic toxicity and harmful/irritant [91]. Chronic toxicity and other harmful properties were previously grouped with the toxic and very toxic under skull-and-crossbones label before GHS, a harmful or irritant substance was indicated by a St Andrew s Cross. 

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