Environmental effects combustion

Smith, I., Nitrogen Oxides from Coal Combustion - Environmental Effects, IEA Coal Research Report Number IC TIS/TR10, October 1980. 

Several studies investigating the environmental effects of controlled tyre combustion have been conducted. It is evident that atmospheric emissions can be greatly reduced if proper air pollution control systems are installed. Laboratory and field data provide evidence indicating that concentrations of some environmental pollutants, especially NOx, may decrease due to tyre combustion, whereas others increase compared to pure coal combustion. Zinc is an example of an element that increases in both solid combustion products and atmospheric emissions. The geochemical impact of higher Zn contents in fly and bottom ash on leaching processes in disposal sites remains to be tested. 

Waste oil, although contaminated, has a high energy value, and burning as a fuel is a major outlet for used oil. Unfortunately, used oil contains high concentrations of metallic contaminants, and its combustion can cause adverse environmental effects. Some of the metallic materials in used motor oils are introduced during use. Typically, the metals introduced by means of wear or corrosion are aluminum, copper. 

Tncreasing national concern over the ecological and environmental effects of coal combustion coupled with the desire to become more self sufficient in mineral production led the Coal Research Bureau at West Virginia University to examine the major and minor constituents in coal ash. Because of the need for accurate results at the low trace element concentrations, it was felt that atomic absorption spectroscopy could provide a rapid and routine method for analytical determinations. 

Kathryn E. Kelly received her doctorate in public health from Columbia University, with a concentration in environmental toxicology and the health effects of hazardous waste incineration. She also studied toxicology at the New York University Institute of Environmental Medicine. Dr. Kelly is the founder and president of three companies Delta Toxicology, Inc., Crystal Bay, Nevada Environmental Toxicology International, Seattle, Washington and Alden Analytical Laboratories, Seattle, Washington. She has broad experience in toxicology, waste combustion, environmental policy, and risk communication. 

Sulfur species are found in ambient air in most parts of North America and in most industrial countries. Their sources include natural emissions (biogenic and volcanic), smelting of ores and other industrial refining processes, and combustion of sulfurbearing fuels. This paper will focus on the combustion sources in the United States and some of the effects of their sulfur emissions. The environmental effects of sulfur in the environment have been of interest for many years and much of the information presented here has been drawn from the various conference proceedings and assessment documents that have been published in recent years (1-11). When specific references are not listed in the text, the information represents a consensus from these various sources. 

Roffinan A, Roffinan HK. 1991. Air emissions from municipal waste combustion and their environmental effects. Sci Total Environ 104(l-2) 87-96. 

Concerns about the environmental effects of emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels, particularly coal, continue to increase as the utilization of these fuels grows. The large amounts of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere and the attempts to tie these fossil-fuel-derived pollutants directly to the undeniably difficult problem of acid rain have caused heated debates, numerous research studies, government actions, and serious efforts to reduce pollution. The issues are extremely complex, and our understanding of the origin, properties, behavior, and effects of these pollutants is incomplete. Often, theories are contradictory. 

Growing concern over environmental effects of acid rain has resulted in increased Interest in development of pre-combustion removal of sulfur from coal. Physical coal cleaning processes are effective for pyritic sulfur removal but do little to reduce the organic sulfur content of coal This paper reports the removal of organic sulfur from coal, employing ethyl or methyl alcohols as the solvent/ reactant. The process is based on the observation that, under supercritical conditions, reactions occur that selectively remove organic sulfur from the coal matrix. 

As an aid in establishing the analytical problems, published data were compiled and reviewed for coal combustion and waste incineration (1 ). Important conclusions drawn from this review were 1) only a limited number of organic components had been identified in the effluents 2) the identified components reflected analytical capabilities and interests rather than a true distribution 3) reliable quantitative data were not available and 4) the data base was insufficient for predicting the probable environmental effects associated with the combustion of coal. 

Companies in the United States are increasingly concerned with the environmental effects of their energy consumption. In particular, more and more corporations are taking action to reduce their co2 emissions, both direct emissions from their on-site combustion of fossil fuels and indirect emissions from purchased electricity (that is, the co2 emitted by the power plants they buy power... 

While the US coal reserve is estimated at 290 billion tons (enough to last another 230 years at current production levels), there is an increased concern about the adverse environmental effects associated with its combustion, namely and... 

Forstner U (1986) Chemical forms and environmental effects of critical elements in solid-waste materials-combustion residue. In Bernhard M, Brinckman EE and Sadler PJ, eds. The importance of chemical speciation in environmental... 

The post combustion of CO allows (additional) heat recovery from the cupola off-gas. Additionally, it allows the melting of scrap contaminated with oil and grease without additional environmental effects and thus stimulates the recycling of metals. Post combustion without heat recovery shows a negative environmental balance (See cross-media effects). 

Chaychian M, Al-Sheikhly M, Silverman J, McLaughlin WL (1998) Radiation induced reduction and removal of heavy-metal ions from water. In Cooper WI, Curry RD, Shea KE (eds) Environmental applications of ionizing radiation. Wiley, New York, pp 353-367 Chimielewski AG, Licki I, Pawelec A, Tyminski B, Zimek Z (2004) Radiat Phys Chem 71 441 Chimielewski AG (2002) Environmental effects of fossil fuel combustion. In Encyclopedia of life support systems (EOLSS). EOLSS Publishers, Oxford Choppin G, Liljenzin JO, Rydberg J (1995) Radiochemistry and nuclear chemistry, 2nd edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford... 

Several factors should be considered the toxicity of the compounds themselves, the effect of the flame retardants on combustion product toxicity and visible smoke, and environmental effects. 

Mechanical methods involve the use of booms spread over surface of seas, estuaries and coastal waters to prevent the spread of oil slicks or to direct their movements. Booms are combined to make V shaped barriers, which concentrate the oil for pickup by skimmer barges and boats. The advantage of booms and skimmers over other conunonly used methods such as chemical dispersants and in-situ combustion is the absence of adverse environmental effects [1, 34]. 

Industrial systems are largely dependent on the utilization of fossil fuels, so many environmental effects are due to fossil fuel extraction and combustion. Greenhouse-warming carbon dioxide emissions, acid gas emissions, smog-forming hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, and deterioration of atmospheric quality from particles released from fossil fuel combustion are all atmospheric effects associated with fossil fuel combustion. Coal mining activities have the potential to release acid mine water to the hydrosphere, petroleum production can release brines or result in ocean oil spills. 

The determination of hazards for LNG begins with an understanding of the properties of the fuel. The following characteristics are important to identifying LNG hazards storage parameters, tendency to form combustible mixture, ignition and explosion characteristics, means of controlling combustion and environmental effects. 

Explosives and fuze safety is the process used to prevent premature, unintentional, or unauthorized initiation of explosives and devices containing explosives and to minimize the effects of explosions, combustion, toxicity, and any other deleterious effects. Explosives safety includes all mechanical, chemical, biological, electrical, and environmental hazards associated with explosives or EM environmental effects. Equipment, systems, or procedures and processes whose malfunction would cause unacceptable mishap risk to manufacturing, handling, transportation, maintenance, storage, release, testing, delivery, firing, or disposal of explosives are also included. 

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