Concentrations of trace elements

Methods. As discussed in the previous chapter, a number of approaches have been used to assess the presence of potentially toxic trace elements in water. The approaches used in this assessment include comparative media evaluation, a human health and aquatic life guidelines assessment, a mass balance evaluation, probability plots, and toxicity bioassays. Concentrations of trace elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry according to standard methods (21,22) by the Oregon State Department of Environmental Quality and the U.S. Geological Survey. 

Based on concentrations of trace elements in rock types found in Oregon 38). 

Concentrations of trace elements in atmospheric samples at prevailing wind directions... 

The SVD of the table of concentrations of trace elements in atmospheric samples yields (in accordance with Section 17.6) ... 

FIGURE 22 Obsidian in the eastern Mediterranean Sea area. Studying the relative concentration of trace elements in obsidian makes it possible to identify the obsidian and to determine its provenance. Determining the relative amounts of barium and zirconium in ancient obsidian tools and in samples from different sources of the natural glass, for example, made it possible to identify the provenance of obsidian used in eastern Mediterranean Sea area sites (Renfrew and Dixon 1976). 

The primary sources of trace elements in soils are the parent materials from which soils are derived. These parent materials constitute the reserve for trace elements. Concentrations of trace elements in soils are directly dependent upon their abundance in the earth crust. In general, concentrations of most trace elements in global soils are from one third to three times those in the earth s crust. The logarithm ratios of their concentrations in the global soils over the earth s crust are in the range 0.5 (Fig. 2.2). 

Table 2.1. Concentrations of trace elements in the earth s crust, rocks, and world soils ... 

Strong correlations occur between concentrations of trace elements in Californian soils. Nickel concentrations in soils are strongly correlated with Cr (r = 0.95) Cu contents are also significantly correlated with Co (r = 0.81). Strong correlations between Ni and Cr and between Cu and Co are observed as well (Marrett et al., 1992). This strong correlation between trace elements indicates that these elements associate in parent materials and suggests similar physical-chemical processes governing soil formation (Bradford et al., 1996). 

CONCENTRATIONS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOIL SOLUTION OF ARID ZONES... 

Table 3.2. Concentrations of trace elements in soil solutions of the California soils that received sludge applications. 

Concentrations of trace elements in soil solution may be controlled by the solubility of certain solid phases via dissolution/(co-)precipitation or by other physicochemical and biological processes such as adsorption-desorption, complexation, and redox reactions. 

Table 8.3. Concentrations of trace elements in Israeli arid soils (0-30 cm) irrigated with secondary sewage effluents (from Banin et al., 1981)...

Table 8.8. Average concentrations of trace elements in phosphate rocks (PR)a...

Mining and industrial activities produce large quantities of volatiles and dust particles and increase concentrations of trace elements and heavy metals in soils, waters, and vegetation. When mineral deposits containing concentrated trace elements and heavy metals are exposed at the earth s... 

Table 8.9. Concentrations of trace elements in vegetation and soils at Tharsis mined areas of semi-arid South West Spain3...

High concentrations of trace elements and heavy metals inhibit soil microorganisms and certain soil enzymes. The effects of trace elements on... 

Global extent of arid and semi-arid soils (km2) based on the Soil Taxonomy system) (after Monger et al., 2004). Concentrations of trace elements in the earth s crust, rocks and world soils3. 

The major ion composition of dispersed soil solutions and saturation extracts from selected soils in California, U.S. Concentrations of trace elements in soil solutions of the California soils that received sludge applications. Concentrations of trace elements in soil solutions extracted by saturated paste from two metal salt-spiked Israeli soils incubated at saturated regime. 

Standard solutions, a solution of nickel in acid with a quoted mass/volume concentration, a solution of sodium hydroxide with a quoted concentration as a molarity and a solution of pesticides with quoted mass/volume concentrations. Matrix RMs - natural materials, river sediment with quoted concentrations of metals, milk powder with a quoted fat content and crab paste with quoted concentrations of trace elements. 

Lucas, H.F., D.N. Edgington, and P.J. Colby. 1970. Concentrations of trace elements in Great Lakes fishes. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Canada 27 677-684. 

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