Self-sufficiency

Two main types of harmonised standards can be distinguished the product standards and the horizontal standards. The latter, as their denomination indicates, contain issues of a horizontal nature, e.g. for materials or provisions relating to welding or welder approvals. These standards should be formulated in such a way as to be self-sufficient. That means it should be possible to apply them without having to use individual product standards. 

These processes tend to produce Hquids that are higher priced than those derived from cmde oil. Timing for commercialization depends on a number of factors, including price of cmde oil, need for energy self-sufficiency, and environmental considerations. The factors are different for each of the potential sources. Environmental considerations include polution from burning the fuel itself, poUution from the whole production cycle, and production of gases that are involved in the enhanced greenhouse effect (see Air pollution). 

The United States is not self-sufficient in its lequitements for antimony and is heavily dependent on imports of both ore and metal (Table 2). 

The United States is largely self-sufficient with respect to copper, meeting any shortfall by imports. AustraHa and the CIS consume most of their production on the domestic market. Japan and Western Europe import substantial quantities of copper in the form of concentrates, bHster, and refined copper. World mine, smelter, and refining capacities in 1989 are given in Table 6. Copper industries in Chile, Pern, Zaire, and Zambia are nationalized. 

Modern nitric acid plants are designed for energy self-sufficiency during normal operation. Except for the startup phase, process heat generated will equal energy consumed by the compressors. Moreover, in many cases surplus energy can be exported in the form of steam, for example. 

Very few self-sufficient viruses have only 60 protein chains in their shells. The satellite viruses do not themselves encode all of the functions required for their replication and are therefore not self-sufficient. The first satellite virus to be discovered, satellite tobacco necrosis virus, which is also one of the smallest known with a diameter of 180 A, has a protein shell of 60 subunits. This virus cannot replicate on its own inside a tobacco cell but needs a helper virus, tobacco necrosis virus, to supply the functions it does not encode. The RNA genome of the satellite virus has only 1120 nucleotides, which code for the viral coat protein of 195 amino acids but no other protein. With this minimal genome the satellite viruses are obligate parasites of the viruses that parasitize cells. 

The modern DDC controller has only the control function PID. PLC controllers used in process installations may contain more complex regulation functions, for example, the fuzzy or auto-tuning of PID functions. Most DDC controllers are self-sufficient and independent of the controllers or computer programs that are used for system configuration. 

Natural and semisynthetic monocomponent flavocytochromes as catalytically self-sufficient monooxygenases 97MI19. 

Natural rubber was the only polymer for elastomer production until the advent of synthetics. Natural rubber, however, continues to maintain its competitive edge due mainly to the gain in properties such as high resilience, low hysteresis, low heat buildup, and excellent tack with mechanical properties achieved through the process of vulcanization [114-115]. The industry is said to be self-sufficient with a good technological base and is expected to compete successfully with synthetics because of the edge in properties mentioned above [116,117]. 

A third reason is that Gibbs made no effort to promote or popularize his results. He seems to have been a solitary, self-contained, and self-sufficient thinker, confident in his ability, who worked at his own unhurried pace, neither needing nor wanting feedback from others. An attitude of detachment from the work of his students plus his own solitary habit of work is undoubtedly responsible for the fact that Gibbs founded no school or group of students to develop his ideas and exploit his discoveries. 

It is difficult to give precise data at this time as the process is still in the development stage. In principle, in terms of heating, the process can be self-sufficient. However, depending on input quality of the MPW some... 

Thus, common sense would suggest that neither of the two -Integrationism and Reductionism (and this shall be the last time we affront the reader with an -ism ) - is self-sufficient, and both are obligatory to the quest for knowledge. 

Thus, in silico models are by no means self-sufficient. They are irreplaceable for the future progress of bio-medicine. They do not aim, however, to substitute but to improve bio-medical research, which will remain indispensable, not the least for model development and validation. 

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