Reflectivity, components

Agglomerated impurities, such as particles or droplet residues, do not participate in the interference phenomenon leading to total reflection their fluorescence intensity is independent of the angle of incidence below the critical angle, and drops by a factor of 2 if the critical angle is surpassed due to the disappearance of the reflected component in the exciting beam nonreflecting impurities and residues). 

Fig. 1—Profile measurement technique of Champper 2000+. A surface measurement is made with a linearly polarized laser beam that passes to translation stage which contains a penta-prism. The beam then passes through a Nomarski prism which shears the beam into two orthogonally polarized beam components. They recombine at the Nomarski prism. The polarization state of the recombined beam includes the phase information from the two reflected beams. The beam then passes to the nonpolarizing beam splitter which directs the beam to a polarizing beam splitter. This polarizing beam splitter splits the two reflected components to detectors A and B, respectively. The surface height difference at the two focal spots is directly related to the phase difference between the two reflected beams, and is proportional to the voltage difference between the two detectors. Each measurement point yields the local surface slope [7].

The light reflected by a powdered solid will consist of a specular reflection component and of a diffuse reflection component. The specular component represents reflection of the incident light by the surfaces of the component particles, and it is characterized by a complete absence of light transmission through the interiors of the particles. By contrast, diffuse reflectance is associated with the radiation that penetrates into the particles to some extent and that then emerges from the bulk solid. This light will exhibit spectral characteristics that are modified from those of the incident beam by the electronic transitions that took place within the solid phase and at the boundaries of the component particles. 

Because no pretreatment of the samples was carried out, the peaks present in the total ion current trace reflect components generated by pyrolysis of primary compounds ( real pyrolysis products ) and components that are present as such in the sample and simply evaporate ( free products ). If desired these two types of products may be differentiated using wires with a Curie temperature of 358°C [36], It was demonstrated in separate analyses (not shown here) that most compounds were not generated by pyrolysis but were present as such in the sample and thermally extracted . Compounds 1-8 and 10-17, 27, 37, 38, 54 and 65 were only present in pyrolysis gas... 

In our account here we neglect a third aspect of a spectral line, specifically its shape, beyond its characteristic frequency and strength. A natural line shape is almost impracticable to observe and would yield on analysis little or no additional information about intrinsic molecular properties. Another shape merely reflects components of molecular velocities in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation. Apart from these effects, further broadening of spectral lines due to finite durations, between collisions, of molecules in particular quantum states is attributed to interactions between colliding molecules rather than directly to... 

A vertical laser beam has been used by Ashkin (1970) and Ashkin and Dziedzic (1971) to levitate weakly absorbing spherical particles by radiation pressure. Lateral stability results from the dominance of refracted over reflected components of the scattered light (see Table 7.1). Unequal reflection on opposite sides of the particle, which is caused by beam nonuniformity, produces a net force that drives the particle toward lower light levels this instability is countered by refraction, which produces a reaction that drives the particle toward higher light levels. The particle is thus laterally stabilized in the most intense part of the beam. Laser levitation has the disadvantage that it... 

The two terms in the first square bracket on the right-hand side describe the reflection in the absence of a crack. The first is the geometrically reflected component. The second, allowing for the approximation of eqn (7.28),... 

Necessarily for any number of particles more than two, eqn. (211) cannot be solved exactly, even if v° = 0 and U = 0. When there are more than two particles, the motion of one particle, say j, causes both k and / to move. Now because k and / are perturbed by j, then the perturbation to the motion of k is felt by /. The motion of j affects / directly and also indirectly through k. These indirect effects are not usually very important, especially in chemical kinetics, because the particles most likely to react are those which are closest together. Under such circumstances, the direct effect is stronger than the transmitted and reflected components. These effects have been considered by Adelman [481], Freed and Muthukumar [482] and Allison et al. [483]. Adelman draws an interesting parallel between the screening of hydrodynamic repulsion and the electrolyte screening of a coulomb interaction [481]. 

Figure 6.14 Reflection of F components across the real axis gives a second vector equation involving the desired structure factor, (a) All reflected components are labeled with their equivalent contributions from F+. (b) Vector solution of Eq. (6.14). These solutions are compatible only with Fa in Fig. 6.13.

Figure 10.6 A waveguide section between two partial sections, a) Physical picture indicating traveling waves in a continuous medium whose wave impedance changes from R0 to Ri to R2. b) Digital simulation diagram for the same situation. The section propagation delay is denoted asz- T. The behavior at an impedance discontinuity is characterized by a lossless splitting of an incoming wave into transmitted and reflected components.

Ho J, Funt BV and Drew MS 1992 Separating a color signal into illumination and surface reflectance components theory and applications In Color (eds. Healey GE, Shafer SA and Wolff LB), pp. 272-283. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 

The behavior of the functions r(co) and t(w) is complicated by a series of interference oscillations due to the complex cotangent. Fora transparent layer [n(co) real], the oscillations have zero minima for r to) at n(co)a)e/nc = integers. In the case of weak absorption by the phonon continuum (n = v + in, k 0), the back-face reflection component, for a sufficiently thick sample, is absorbed, and we obtain... 

In region B, back reflectivity contributes to the total reflectivity, but because of macroscopic defects, crystal shape, finite spectral resolution, etc., the front- and back-face reflection components are incoherent, and the reflectivities merely add to give the observed reflectivity. In the... 

In region C, front- and back-face reflection components interfere to give rise to the well-known oscillations, or channeled spectrum of a slab. 

When the setpoint of a dominant variable is used to establish plant production rate, the control strategy must ensure that the right amounts of fresh reactants are brought into the process. This is often accomplished through fresh reactant makeup control based upon liquid levels or gas pressures that reflect component inventories. Wre must keep these ideas in mind when we reach Steps 6 and 7. 

The growth of fiberlike aggregates of optically active molecules [48], like those encountered with some optically active organogelators, is known to be accompanied by important CD modifications. CD data, free of linear dichroic effects, so as to avoid the contribution of macroscopic anisotropy, reveal chirality effects typical of helical structures. The electronic absorption spectra of the gelators indicate the wavelengths at which the electronic transitions occur and where dichroic effects have to be sought (unless selective reflection components... 

For particulate samples, and even more for compact samples exhibiting a smooth surface, it is crucial to prevent specularly reflected radiation from being detected together with the diffusely reflected component. To avoid this, the solid angle into which the incident radiation is specularly reflected should be excluded. Advantageously, irradiation normal to the surface (Korte and Otto, 1988) or out-of-plane configurations are used (see Fig. 6.4-19). As an alternative, a razor blade is vertically positioned on the surface as a blocker for surface-reflected radiation (Messerschmidt, 1985). 

Surfaces emit radiation as well as rellecting it, and thus the radiation leaving a surface consists of emitted and reflected components, as shown in Fig. 12 21. The calculation of radiation heat transfer between surfaces involves the total radiation energy streaming away from a surface, with no regard for its origin. Thus, we need to define a quantity that represents the rate at which radiation energy leaves a unit area of a surface in all directions. This quantity is called the radiosity J, and is expressed as... 

For a blackbody, radiosity J is equivalent to the emissive power j, since a blackbody a,bsorbs the entire radiation incident on it and there is no reflected component ih-Fadiosity. 

Direct, diffuse, and reflected components of solar radiation incident on a window. 

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