Residue combustion

Denault, Combustion Residues From N204-MMH Motors , SAMSO TR-69-373 (1969)... 

A. Clarkson D. Wilson, The Examination of Combustion Residues of Isopropyl Nitrate. 

Leung AOW, Luksemburg WJ, Wong AS, Wong MH (2007) Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo furans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China. Environ Sci Technol 41 2730-2737... 

Fixed carbon is the combustible residue left after the volatile matter is driven off. It is not all carbon. Its form and hardness are an indication of fuel coking properties and, therefore, serve as a guide in the selection of combustion equipment. Generally, fixed carbon represents that portion of fuel that must be burned in the solid state. 

Explosion suppression During a suppression of an explosion, not products, residues from combustion, residues from gases, or flames can escape from the protected vessel, because an explosion suppression system reduces the effects of these explosions to a harmless levef, by restricting the action of the flames during the initial phase of the explosion. This prevents the installation in question from being destroyed and people standing in the area of the installation from being injured. A further benefit of explosion suppression systems is that they can be deployed for combustible products with toxic properties and can be used irrespective of the equipment location. 

Daimler-Benz has accumulated data on NECAR III emissions with a dynamometer programmed for a mix of urban and suburban driving. The results were promising since there were zero emissions for nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide, and extremely low hydrocarbon emissions of only. 0005 per gram per mile. NECAR III did produce significant quantities of carbon dioxide similar to the emissions of a direct-injection diesel engine where the fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber. Direct-injection produces less combustion residue and unburned fuel. 

The disposal of coal combustion residues must take into account the nature and amount of the products to be disposed, as well as the nature of the disposal environment. It is a characteristic of coal utilization that many historic wastes exist that lack, or almost totally lack, characterization data. Only in recent decades, with concern over the environmental impacts of present and future accumulation of wastes, have characterization studies been made. The principal types of waste are described in Table 5. 

Table 7. Concentrations (in mg/kg) of minor elements in solid coal combustion residues and natural sediments...

Eary, L. E, Rai, D., Mattiood, S. V. Ainsworth, C. C. 1990. Geochemical factors controlling the mobilization of inorganic constituents from fossil fuel combustion residues II. Review of minor elements. Journal of Environmental Quality, 19, 202-214. 

Hemmings, R. T. Berry, E. E. 1995. Cementitious properties of atmospheric fluidized bed combustion residues and their use in engineering applications. Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference, 49, 591-596. 

Yan, J. Neretnieks, I. 1995. Is the glass phase dissolution rate always a limiting factor in the leaching processes of combustion residues The Science of the Total Environment, 172, 95-118. 

Phosphate stabilization of municipal solid waste combustion residues geochemical principles... 

Phosphate is widely used as a chemical stabilization agent for MSW combustion residues in Japan and North America and is under consideration for use in parts of Europe. The application of this technology to MSW ashes generally parallels its application to contaminated soils. Metal phosphates (notably Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) frequently have wide pH distribution, pH-pE predominance, and redox stability within complex ash pore water systems. Stabilization mechanisms identified in other contaminated systems (e.g., soils), involving a combination of sorption, heterogeneous nucleation, and surface precipitation, or solution-phase precipitation are generally observed in ash systems. 

Eighmy, T. T., Crannell, B. S. etal. 1999/ Characterization and phosphate stabilization of dusts from the vitrification of MSW combustion residues. Waste Management, 18, 513-524. 

Kosson, D. S., Kosson, T. T. van der Sloot, H. 1993. Evaluation of Solidification/Stabilization Treatment Processes for Municipal Waste Combustion Residues. US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/SR-93-167, Washington, DC. 

Bottom ash from power stations is less of a problem compared with fly ash for the contamination of natural waters firstly because the proportions of fly ash to bottom ash are approximately three to one and a greater proportion of the bottom ash is used (ECOBA 2003). Secondly, the volatile elements are depleted compared with fly ash (Clarke Sloss 1992). Other combustion residues include fluidized-bed boiler ashes and the products from flue gas desulphurization (FGD). The non-regenerable FGD systems commonly use limestone, slaked lime, or a mixture of slaked lime and alkaline fly ash that are sprayed into the flue gases to remove SO2 (Clarke Sloss 1992). Although 90 wt% of the product is used to replace natural gypsum in plasters and wallboards, there is currently a small excess production in Europe of that is disposed of in landfill and equivalent sites (ECOBA 2003). Because the FGD plant treats the cooled flue gases volatile elements are concentrated and there will be similarities with fly ash. 

Carlson, C. L. Adriano, D. C. 1993. Environmental impacts of coal combustion residues. Journal of Environmental Quality, 22, 221-24-1. 

Janssen-Jurkovicova, M., Hollman, G. G., Nass, M. M. Schuiling, R. D. 1994. Quality assessment of granular combustion residues by a standard column test Prediction versus reality. In Goumans, J. J. J. M., van der Sloot, H. A. Aalbers, Th. G. (eds) Environmental Aspects of Construction with Waste Materials. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, 161-178. 

Mukhopadhyay, P. K., Lajeunesse, G. Crandlemire, A. L. 1996. Mineralogical speciation of elements in feed coal and their combustion residues from an eastern Canadian coalfield and power plant. International Journal of Coal Geology, 32, 279-312. 

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