Chromosome tests

Ishidate, M., Jr Odashima, S. (1977) Chromosome tests with 134 compounds on Chinese hamster cells in vitro—a screening for chemical carcinogens. Mutat. Res., 48, 337-354 Izmerov, N. F. (1984) Pyridine (IRPTC Scientific Reviews of Soviet Literature on Toxicity and Hazards of Chemicals), United Nations Environmental Programme, Moscow, Centre of International Projects, GKNT... 

Stage B Short-term in vitro tests 1. mammalian cell DNA repair 2. bacterial mutagenesis (Ames test) 3. mammalian mutagenesis 4. chromosome tests (sister chromatid exchange) 5. cell transformation... 

The newborns in a hypothetical maternity nursery were genetically screened by blood and chromosome tests. Today s tests found three potentially serious health problems. 

Standard reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) are available for RFLP Profiling (SRM 2390), PCR-based Profiling DNA standard (SRM 2391b), Y-chromosome testing (SRM 2395), and mtDNA testing. Standards require annual NIST-traceable comparisons. 

Ishidate M, Odashima S, 1977. Chromosome tests with 134 compounds on Chinese hamster cells in vitro. A screening for chemical carcinogens. Mutat Res 48 337-354. 

Czeizel and Kiraly (1976) carried out chromosome tests in male labourers 20-61 years of age engaged in the manufacture of TCPE and Buvinol . Using the method of Moorhead et al. (1960) they investigated the lymphocytes of peripheral blood after 48 hours culture. The Edinburgh method (Buckton et al, 1962 Court-Brown et al., 1967 Buckton and Evans, 1973) was used for evaluation, that is, the numerical distribution of chromosomes and the chromatid and chromosome-type injuries were recorded. The modal and nonmodal chromosome numbers of zero-control and factory control did not differ considerably. 

A chromosomal test is included in the battery to provide detection of chemical effects at the highest level of genetic organization (3 ). In addition, such tests may detect nongenotoxic agents that operate through other effects involving processes such as DNA replication and chromosome separation. 

Ames test and chromosome test negative. PHBA butyl ester permeates in vitro through the human skin. 

Ames test and chromosome test were negative. 

In the human cell there are 23 pairs of chromosomes containing approximately 3000 million base pairs of DNA. Short sequences of DNA, perhaps with as few as 20 nucleotide units and sometimes radiolabeled, can be obtained either by chemical synthesis (gene machine) or from cloning. These short sequences can be used to probe for a complementary sequence by looking for the position to which they bind to any DNA sample under investigation, from blood for example. Such probes can detect as little as 100 fg of DNA and are the basis of forensic genetic fingerprinting tests. 

Literature reports iadicate that sodium sorbate causes weak genotoxic effects such as chromosomal aberrations and mutations ia mammalian cells (172,173). This effect is thought to be caused by oxidative products of sodium sorbate ia stored solutions (173—175). The main oxidation product of sodium sorbate, 4,5-oxohexenoate, is mutagenic ia a Salmonella mammahan-microsome test (176). Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate were not genotoxic under the same test procedures (167,172,174—177). 

Color Vision Defects. Anomalous color vision is present, eg, if one of the three sets of cones is iaoperative (dichromacy) or defective (anomalous trichromacy). This affects 2—3% of the population with males mote prone because these defects reside on the X-chromosome, with one present ia males but two ia females. Eye specialists have standard tests for detecting these and other defects. Summaries of this whole field are available (6,9,22). 

Ethylene oxide has been shown to produce mutagenic and cytogenic effects in a variety of test systems (226). An increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of monkey exposed to ethylene oxide for 104 weeks has been reported (240). In mice, it is an effective inducer of chromosome breaks leading to dominant-lethal mutations. In addition, ethylene oxide has been shown to induce heritable effects in the heritable translocation test conducted in mice exposed to ethylene oxide by inhalation (241,242). In this study, male mice were exposed to ethylene oxide ranging from 165 to 300 ppm for 6 h per day 5 or 7 days/week for 8.5 weeks. Ethylene oxide has also been shown to bind to proteins (243) as well as to DNA (244). Several studies on ethylene oxide-exposed workers have demonstrated an increased incidence of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges the relevance of such effects to human health evaluation is currendy uncertain. 

Genotoxicity studies are required to identify compounds that can induce genetic damage ranging from single point gene mutations to gross alterations of chromosomal structure. Such effects are taken as indicative of the potential to cause cancer or heritable defects in humans. A standard battery of three types of test is recommended ... 

An in-vitro test with mammalian cells (chromosomal damage or mouse lymphoma tk assay)... 

An in-vivo test in rodents (chromosomal damage in haematopoietic cells)... 

Transmission is autosomal dominant, and the relevant gene has been mapped to the same locus on chromosome 19q as that associated with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (pages 318-319). It is not established that the conditions are allelic. Almost all patients with CCD whose muscle has been tested in vitro for... 

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