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Cholinesterases

The esters of monofluorophosphoric acid are of great interest because of their cholinesterase inhibiting activity which causes them to be highly toxic nerve gases and also gives them medical activity (see Enzyme inhibitors). The most studied is the bis(l-methylethyl)ester of phosphorofluoridic acid also known as diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate [155-91 DFP (5), and as the ophthalmic ointment or solution Isoflurophate USP. It is used as a... [Pg.227]

Although controversy exists over the cholinergic involvement in AD dementia, as of 1993 the only AD therapy approved by the U.S. FDA was the cholinesterase inhibitor, tacrine [321-64-2] C 2H 4N2, sold as Cognex (Warner-Lambert). [Pg.96]

Several cholinergic strategies, other than cholinesterase inhibition, have been employed with the intention of ameliora ting the symptoms of AD. These include precursor loading acetylcholine release enhancement, and direct activation of both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. [Pg.96]

Pharmacogenetics the responses to dmgs may be significantiy different according to heritable factors that can modulate pharmacodynamic or pharmacogenetic factors (118). Atypical cholinesterase occurs in about 1 in 2000 Caucasians and is associated with a markedly reduced sensitivity to hydrolysis of the muscle-relaxant cholinesterase. Similarly, the reduced sensitivity to the anticoagulant warfarin is associated with a reduced receptor affinity. [Pg.283]

Enzyme Inhibition. Some materials produce toxic effects by inhibition of biologically vital enzyme systems, leading to an impairment of normal biochemical pathways. The toxic organophosphates, for example, inhibit the cholinesterase group of enzymes. An important factor in thek acute toxicity is the inhibition of acetylocholinesterase at neuromuscular junctions, resulting in an accumulation of the neurotransmitter material acetylcholine and causing muscle paralysis (29) (see Neuroregulators). [Pg.228]

Biosensors ai e widely used to the detection of hazardous contaminants in foodstuffs, soil and fresh waters. Due to high sensitivity, simple design, low cost and real-time measurement mode biosensors ai e considered as an alternative to conventional analytical techniques, e.g. GC or HPLC. Although the sensitivity and selectivity of contaminant detection is mainly determined by a biological component, i.e. enzyme or antibodies, the biosensor performance can be efficiently controlled by the optimization of its assembly and working conditions. In this report, the prospects to the improvement of pesticide detection with cholinesterase sensors based on modified screen-printed electrodes are summarized. The following opportunities for the controlled improvement of analytical characteristics of anticholinesterase pesticides ai e discussed ... [Pg.295]

The optimization of the biorecognition layer by the modification of a transducer used. Nanostmctured poly aniline composite comprising Prussian Blue or poly-ionic polymers has been synthesized and successfully used in the assembly of cholinesterase sensors. In comparison with non-modified sensors, this improved signal selectivity toward electrochemically active species and decreased the detection limits of Chloropyrifos-Methyl and Methyl-Pai athion down to 10 and 3 ppb, respectively. [Pg.295]

Sample pre-treatment. Novel procedures of electrochemical sample treatment have been proposed to decrease the signal interference with native cholinesterase inhibitors present in fruits and vegetables. Polyphenolic compounds were removed by electrolysis with soluble A1 anode followed by the oxidation of thionic pesticides with electrogenerated chlorine. The procedure proposed makes it possible to decrease the background current and the matrix effect by 80-90%. Thus, the detection limits of about 5 ppb of Pai athion-Methyl and Chloropyrifos-Methyl were obtained in spiked grape juice without any additional sepai ation or pre-concentration stages. [Pg.295]

The aim of our investigation was the development of the amperometric enzyme immunosensor for the determination of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial antigen (Ag), causes the different inflammatory diseases. The biosensing pail of the sensors consisted of the enzyme (cholinesterase) and antibodies (Ab) immobilized on the working surface of the screen-printed electrode. Bovine seiaim albumin was used as a matrix component. [Pg.329]

The working conditions of the immunosensor (enzyme and antigen concentrations, dilutions of the antibodies, pH of the buffer solution) were found. The cholinesterase immobilized demonstrated the maximum catalytic activity in phosphate buffer solution with pH 8.0. The analytical chai acteristics of the sensor - the interval of the working concentrations and detection limit - have been obtained. The proposed approach of immunoassay made possible to detect 5T0 mg/ml of the bacterial antigen. [Pg.329]

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITING PESTICIDES Cholinesterase activity in red Discretionary 70% of individuals Ns... [Pg.86]

FIGURE 14.11 The pH activity profiles of four different enzymes. Trypsin, an intestinal protease, has a slightly alkaline pH optimnm, whereas pepsin, a gastric protease, acts in the acidic confines of the stomach and has a pH optimmn near 2. Papain, a protease found in papaya, is relatively insensitive to pHs between 4 and 8. Cholinesterase activity is pH-sensitive below pH 7 but not between pH 7 and 10. The cholinesterase pH activity profile suggests that an ionizable group with a pK near 6 is essential to its activity. Might it be a histidine residue within the active site ... [Pg.442]

Moreover organophosphoric acid esters have found application as insecticides (e.g. Parathion). Some derivatives are highly toxic to man (e.g. Sarin, Soman). The organophosphonates act as inhibitors of the enzyme cholinesterase by phosphorylating it. This enzyme is involved in the proper function of the parasympathetic nervous system. A concentration of 5 x 10 g/L in the air can already cause strong toxic effects to man. [Pg.16]

Therapeutic Function Cholinesterase reactivator (antidote for nerve gas) Chemical Name 2-[(Hydroxyimino)methyl] -1-methylpyridinium chloride Common Name 2-PAM chloride Structural Formula ... [Pg.1273]

The Structure of the Active Surface of Cholinesterases and the Mechanism of Their Catalytic Action in lister Hydrolysis... [Pg.424]


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A-cholinesterase

Acetyl choline cholinesterase

Acetyl cholinesterase

Acetyl cholinesterase activity

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors

Acetyl-cholinesterase, pesticide inhibition

Acetylcholine cholinesterase hydrolysis

Acetylcholine-cholinesterase complex

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors cholinesterase inhibition

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil

Activating Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs

Active site enzymes cholinesterases

Acyl cholinesterase

Aging cholinesterases

Alzheimer’s disease cholinesterase inhibitors

An irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor in white clover

Anionic site of cholinesterase

Anti-cholinesterase

Anti-cholinesterase activity

Anticholinesterases (cholinesterase agent effects

Anticholinesterases (cholinesterase interactions

Anticholinesterases (cholinesterase poisoning

Anticholinesterases Cholinesterases

Applications cholinesterase activities

Applications cholinesterase inhibitors

Applications of cholinesterase inhibitors

Atropine cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity treatment

Atropine cholinesterase inhibitor)

Benzoyl cholinesterase

Biochemical Properties of Cholinesterases

Bioscavengers cholinesterases

Biotransformation cholinesterases

Blockers Cholinesterase Regenerators

Blood cholinesterase

Blood cholinesterase depression

Blood cholinesterase, determination

Blood cholinesterases forms

Blood cholinesterases, nerve agent effects

Blood enzymes cholinesterase inhibitions

Brain cholinesterase

Brain cholinesterase action

Butyryl cholinesterase

Carbamates cholinesterase inhibition detection

Carbaryl cholinesterase inhibition

Central nervous system cholinesterase inhibitors, effects

Chlorpyrifos cholinesterase inhibition

Choline oxidase Cholinesterase

Cholinergic transmission cholinesterase inhibitors

Cholinesterase Assays

Cholinesterase Cholinomimetics

Cholinesterase Pseudocholinesterase

Cholinesterase acetylcholine destruction

Cholinesterase activity

Cholinesterase activity assays

Cholinesterase activity assays methods

Cholinesterase activity decrease

Cholinesterase activity inhibition

Cholinesterase activity measurement

Cholinesterase affecting

Cholinesterase antagonists

Cholinesterase binding

Cholinesterase biomonitoring activity

Cholinesterase biosensor reaction

Cholinesterase carbamate insecticides

Cholinesterase carbamates

Cholinesterase catalytic mechanism

Cholinesterase classification

Cholinesterase cresyl phosphate as inhibitor

Cholinesterase deficiency

Cholinesterase definition

Cholinesterase determinations

Cholinesterase distribution

Cholinesterase electrode

Cholinesterase enzymes, esteratic site

Cholinesterase in blood

Cholinesterase in insects

Cholinesterase in retina

Cholinesterase indirect

Cholinesterase inhibition

Cholinesterase inhibition PBPK simulation

Cholinesterase inhibition Warburg)

Cholinesterase inhibition assays

Cholinesterase inhibition carbamates

Cholinesterase inhibition organophosphate nerve agents

Cholinesterase inhibitor in clover

Cholinesterase inhibitor tolerance

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Cholinesterase inhibitors acute effects

Cholinesterase inhibitors adverse effects

Cholinesterase inhibitors adverse reaction

Cholinesterase inhibitors antagonists

Cholinesterase inhibitors behavioral toxicity

Cholinesterase inhibitors carbamates

Cholinesterase inhibitors cholinomimetics

Cholinesterase inhibitors chronic effects

Cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil

Cholinesterase inhibitors edrophonium

Cholinesterase inhibitors galantamine

Cholinesterase inhibitors glaucoma treatment

Cholinesterase inhibitors history

Cholinesterase inhibitors hypersensitivity

Cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer’s disease

Cholinesterase inhibitors mechanism

Cholinesterase inhibitors metabolic effects

Cholinesterase inhibitors organophosphate

Cholinesterase inhibitors poisoning

Cholinesterase inhibitors potentiation

Cholinesterase inhibitors reproductive toxicity

Cholinesterase inhibitors reversible

Cholinesterase inhibitors rivastigmine

Cholinesterase inhibitors toxicity

Cholinesterase inhibitors toxicology

Cholinesterase inhibitors vapor pressure

Cholinesterase inhibitors, and

Cholinesterase inhibitors, drug

Cholinesterase inhibitors, drug interactions

Cholinesterase inhibitors, specific

Cholinesterase inhibitors, specific agents

Cholinesterase inhibitors. See

Cholinesterase insecticides

Cholinesterase intestine

Cholinesterase learning

Cholinesterase levels

Cholinesterase levels, blood

Cholinesterase memantine

Cholinesterase methods monitoring

Cholinesterase nonspecific

Cholinesterase organophosphates

Cholinesterase piezoelectric sensor

Cholinesterase production

Cholinesterase protection

Cholinesterase pseudo

Cholinesterase reactivation

Cholinesterase reactivator

Cholinesterase reactivators

Cholinesterase red blood cell

Cholinesterase regenerators

Cholinesterase reversibility of activity

Cholinesterase serum

Cholinesterase signs

Cholinesterase surfaces

Cholinesterase surfaces sensors

Cholinesterase target species

Cholinesterase techniques

Cholinesterase toxicology

Cholinesterase types

Cholinesterase warfare agents

Cholinesterase, activity determinations

Cholinesterase, marker

Cholinesterase, polymorphisms

Cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides

Cholinesterases Acetylcholinesterase

Cholinesterases Acetylcholinesterase, erythrocyte

Cholinesterases acetylcholinesterase inhibition

Cholinesterases active site

Cholinesterases amino acid sequence

Cholinesterases anionic site

Cholinesterases based sensors

Cholinesterases binding sites

Cholinesterases biomarkers

Cholinesterases butyrylcholinesterase

Cholinesterases carbamate toxicity

Cholinesterases catalytic triad

Cholinesterases characteristics

Cholinesterases choline

Cholinesterases common features

Cholinesterases conjugated

Cholinesterases determining activity

Cholinesterases discovery

Cholinesterases engineered

Cholinesterases enzyme purification

Cholinesterases esteratic site

Cholinesterases exposure

Cholinesterases expressing

Cholinesterases from erythrocytes

Cholinesterases from plasma

Cholinesterases functional definition

Cholinesterases genes

Cholinesterases genetic variants

Cholinesterases half-life

Cholinesterases human

Cholinesterases hydrolysis

Cholinesterases immobilization

Cholinesterases methods

Cholinesterases molecular forms

Cholinesterases multiple forms

Cholinesterases multiple molecular forms

Cholinesterases mutated

Cholinesterases nomenclature

Cholinesterases nonspecific cholinesterase

Cholinesterases organophosphates interactions

Cholinesterases oxime reactivation

Cholinesterases peripheral

Cholinesterases physical properties

Cholinesterases placental

Cholinesterases population studies

Cholinesterases primary

Cholinesterases properties

Cholinesterases protective effects

Cholinesterases quaternary

Cholinesterases reactivation rates

Cholinesterases recombinant

Cholinesterases recommendations

Cholinesterases sample collection

Cholinesterases sarin poisoning

Cholinesterases serine residue

Cholinesterases silent variants

Cholinesterases spontaneous reactivation

Cholinesterases standards

Cholinesterases stoichiometric bioscavengers

Cholinesterases structure

Cholinesterases substrate activation

Cholinesterases substrate hydrolysis

Cholinesterases substrate inhibition

Cholinesterases substrate specificity

Cholinesterases substrates

Cholinesterases tissue distribution

Cholinesterases variants

Cholinesterases, distribution specificity

Cognitive enhancers cholinesterase inhibitors

Dementia-related illnesses, cholinesterase

Dementia-related illnesses, cholinesterase inhibitors

Dermal dose-cholinesterase response

Diazepam cholinesterase inhibitors

Dibucaine cholinesterase inhibition

Dipylidium caninum cholinesterase

Effects of Cholinesterases

Effects on Cholinesterase Activity

Electrometrical cholinesterase activity

Ellman method, cholinesterase activity

Enzyme cholinesterase inhibitions

Enzymes cholinesterase

Erythrocyte cholinesterase

Erythrocyte cholinesterase inhibition

Esterases Cholinesterases Neuropathy target

Esterases acyl cholinesterase

Esterases cholinesterase

Esteratic site of cholinesterase

Glaucoma cholinesterase inhibitors

Hepatic enzymes cholinesterase

Human butyryl cholinesterase

Hydrolysis by Cholinesterases

INDEX Cholinesterases

INDEX cholinesterase inhibitors

In cholinesterase

Inhibition acetyl cholinesterase

Inhibition cholinesterase, exposure

Inhibition of cholinesterase

Inhibitors of cholinesterase

Insecticides carbamates/cholinesterase inhibitors

Liver enzymes cholinesterase

Malathion cholinesterase inhibition

Memory cholinesterase inhibitors

Methamidophos, cholinesterase

Mouse cholinesterases

Myasthenia gravis cholinesterase inhibitors

Nerve agents cholinesterase

Nerve agents cholinesterase enzymes activity

Nerve agents cholinesterase inhibition

Neurotoxicity cholinesterase

Organophosphate poisoning/intoxication cholinesterases

Organophosphates and cholinesterase

Organophosphates cholinesterase inhibition

Organophosphates cholinesterase inhibition detection

Organophosphates cholinesterase inhibitors’ compound

Organophosphates occupational exposure, cholinesterase

Organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors, first

Organophosphorus compounds, toxic effects cholinesterase inhibition

Parathion cholinesterase inhibition

Peripheral binding site, cholinesterases

Pesticide blood cholinesterase

Pesticide poisoning cholinesterases

Pesticides carbamates/cholinesterase inhibitors

Pesticides cholinesterase inhibition

Plasma cholinesterase activity

Plasma cholinesterase affecting

Plasma cholinesterases

Plasma cholinesterases inhibition

Plasma cholinesterases pesticides

Potentiometric methods, cholinesterase

Propionyl cholinesterase

Protection against benzoylcholine by the injection of pseudo-cholinesterase

Protection of cholinesterase against

Residues cholinesterase inhibition

Retina, cholinesterase

Sensors cholinesterase

Serum pseudo—cholinesterase

Soman cholinesterase binding

Suvanine as acetyl cholinesterase inhibito

Tabun cholinesterase binding

The Cholinesterase Variants and Multiple Forms

Titration methods, cholinesterase

Titration methods, cholinesterase activities

Tolerance development cholinesterase inhibitors

True cholinesterase

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