Cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides

Case Studies in Environmental Medicine Taking an Exposure History—The importance of taking an exposure history and how to conduct one are described, and an example of a thorough exposure history is provided. Other case studies of interest include Reproductive and Developmental Hazards Skin Lesions and Environmental Exposures Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticide Toxicity and numerous chemical-specific case studies. 

ATSDR. 1993c. Case studies in environmental medicine - cholinesterase inhibiting pesticide toxicity. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, Atlanta, GA. 

Hazards Skin Lesions and Environmental Exposures Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticide Toxicity and numerous chemical-specific case studies. 

Kurt TL. 1988. Persistent symptoms of cholinesterase inhibiting pesticide toxicity (diazanon) [letter]. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(3) 268. 

Mauriz, E., A. Calle, J.J. Manclus, et al. 2006. Single and multi-analyte surface plasmon resonance assays for simultaneous detection of cholinesterase inhibiting pesticides. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 118 399M07. 

Certain specialized reagents are used to visualize compounds based on their biological activity. Cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides (e.g., organophos-phates, carbamates) are detected sensitively by treating the layer with the enzyme and a suitable suljstrate, which react to produce a colored product over the entire layer except where colorless pesticide zones are located due to their inhibition of the enzyme-substrate reaction. 

See also Carbamate Pesticides Cholinesterase Inhibition Pesticides. 

Use Antidote for cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides of the parathion type because of its property of reactivating the cholinesterase by removal of phos-phoryl groups. Also antidote for nerve gases. 

Stenersen, J. 1981. The Mode of Action of Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticides on Earthworms Toxicity, Inhibition of Cholinesterases and Degradation. Norwegian Plant Protection Institute, UiO, As. p. 86. 

In Section III, we review studies on persistent effects of exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. The human epidemiological literature is examined for evidence that persistent behavioral effects of exposure can be measured in populations with histories of acute poisoning and/or chronic ongoing exposure. We then review behavioral data from animal models designed to characterize the behavioral changes caused by experimental treatments with cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides and identify similarities with the literature on human.s exposed occupationally to these compounds. 

TABLE 2. Neurobehavioral Effects of Chronic Exposure to Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticides (OPs and CMs) in Humans (Derived horn Kamel and Hoppin, 2004) and in Animals (Compiled from t5 Papers on Repeated Exposures in Animals)... 

Perhaps because the question of the potential adversity of long-term, low-level exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides in humans has only recently come into focus, few experimental animal studies of the,se compounds have addressed the issue. On the other hand, considerable work has been done to characterize the effects of repeated exposures, often with the goal of determining whether tolerance or sensitization occurs when exposure is prolonged or repeated. Some of this work bears on the question of the hazard of chronic exposure in humans, and a few studies have a.ssessed the behavior of animals after the termination of dosing, when cholinestera.se activity had returned to pretreatment levels. 

Awareness of the unique sensitivity and susceptibility of the young to environmental chemicals has increased during the pa,st decade. In this section, we consider only the primary response of the individual to direct pesticide exposure. The influence of cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides on the developing nervous system is another key issue that is discussed in another chapter. Almost all of the comparative sensitivity sludic.s in laboratory animals employed acute or -short-term repeated dosing and evaluated the temporal responses to exposure. 

---