Real time measurement

This study was in real time measured that the reflective echo height of the bonding interface in the solid phase diffused bonding process of carbon steel and titanium using ultrasonic testing method. As a result, the following were made discernment. 

The biological and medical sciences are ripe for iastmmentation advances. Whereas most immunoassays (qv) use radioactive materials, the implementation of chemiluminescent methods, enzyme techniques, and electrochemical methods is expected to become more important. New and better noninvasive methods of iavestigation are expected to become more routine. In addition, real-time measurements, whereby analyses of a number of... 

Biosensors ai e widely used to the detection of hazardous contaminants in foodstuffs, soil and fresh waters. Due to high sensitivity, simple design, low cost and real-time measurement mode biosensors ai e considered as an alternative to conventional analytical techniques, e.g. GC or HPLC. Although the sensitivity and selectivity of contaminant detection is mainly determined by a biological component, i.e. enzyme or antibodies, the biosensor performance can be efficiently controlled by the optimization of its assembly and working conditions. In this report, the prospects to the improvement of pesticide detection with cholinesterase sensors based on modified screen-printed electrodes are summarized. The following opportunities for the controlled improvement of analytical characteristics of anticholinesterase pesticides ai e discussed ... 

The electrical Itw-pressure impactor (ELPl) has been developed, using the Berner-type multijet low-pressure impactor stages. The cut sizes of the seven channel system range from 0.030 to 1.0 pm. Real-time measurements can be achieved due to the instrument s fast time response. The schematic representation of the impactor construction is shown in Fig 13.44. 

Ahlvik, Peter, Leonidas Ntziachristos, forma Keskinen, and Annele Virtaiien. Real Time Measurements of Diesel Particle Size Distribution with an Electrical l.ow Pressure Impactor. SAL Technical paper 980410. Reprinted from General Emissions (SP-13.3,5). lnternation.al Congress and Exposition, Detroit, February, 23-26 (1998). 

Short Normal Resistivity (after Anadriii). The short normal (SN) resistivity sub provides a real-time measurement of formation resistivity using a 16-in. electrode device suitable for formations drilled with water-base muds having a moderate salinity. A total gamma ray measurement is included with the resistivity measurement an annular bottomhole mud temperature sensor is optional. The short normal resistivity sub schematically shown in Figure 4-273 must be attached to the MWD telemetry tools and operates in the same conditions as the other sensors. 

Obviously, the fast-fill-and-hold method is preferred from the viewpoint of elapsed time. More importantly, the fed-batch method requires an accurate process model that may not be available. The fast-fill-and-hold method can use a process model or it can use a real-time measurement of concentration. 

In designing a continuous plant, therefore, it is essential to establish the measurement and control strategy based on an understanding of which critical aspects are indicative of good or poor plant operation, and how deviation of these measurements can be exploited to perform a corrective process control action. Estabhshing suitable on-hne real-time measurement techniques may be a blocker to the implementation of continuous processing. In contrast, implementation of a successful measurement and control strategy may be the enabler for improved product yields and product quahty. 

Polarization modulation can be done by rotating the polarizer, as is done in rotating-element ellipsometers [339], or by using photoelastic devices [337]. Data acquisition nowadays is fast, which makes real-time measurements of film and interface formation possible a full spectrum ranging from 1.5 to 5 eV can be measured in less than a second [340-342]. 

From the examples given above it is clear that the development of a novel approach for real time measurements of the dissociation kinetics of reaction intermediates would greatly assist the unravelling of complex multistep processes associated with the transformation of even simple molecules at transition metal centers. While techniques are available for such measurements over a limited range of times, none of the methods are sufficiently general to be useful for extensive measurements. 

Atomic metal ion-hydrocarbon reactions bond dissociation energies for fragments, 15,16t endothermic reactions, 13,15,17f Atomic transition metal ion reactions development of approach for real-time measurements of dissociation kinetics, 39 ion beam apparatus, 12,14f studies of... 

Tanimura, A., Nezu, A., Morita, T., Turner, R. J. and Tojyo, Y. (2004). Fluorescent biosensor for quantitative real-time measurements of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in single living cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 38095-8. 

Brynda E., Houska M., Wikerstal A., Brandenburg A., Optical biosensors for real-time measurement of analytes in blood plasma, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2002 17 665-675. 

Gas sensors are of importance for a variety of environmental, industrial, medical, scientific and even domestic applications. The gas may be, for example, hazardous to human health, an atmospheric pollutant, or important, in terms of its concentration, for an industrial or medical process. Apart from systems merely providing an alarm signal, it is frequently required to obtain accurate real-time measurements of the concentration of a particular target gas, often in a mixture of other gases. 

Y. Lee, J. Yang, S.M. Rudich, R.J. Schreiner, and M.E. Meyerhoff, Improved planar amperometric nitric oxide sensor based on platinized platinum anode. 2. Direct real-time measurement of NO generated from porcine kidney slices in the presence of L-arginine, L-arginine polymers, and protamine. Anal. Chem. 76,545-551 (2004). 

Achterberg, Van den Berg, and others [786] used a voltammetric technique to take continuous real-time measurements of nickel, copper, and zinc in the Irish Sea. 

The use of sensors and biosensors on a continuous real-time measurements (online monitoring systems), at increasingly more and more affordable costs, introduces new possibilities on monitoring that cannot be underestimated. In turn, those new technologies generate new problems, mostly related to the amount of results available and their interpretation. 

Electroencephalography allows real-time measurement of neural activity with millisecond temporal resolution. When coupled with the repeated presentation of a stimulus, the electroencephalograms can be averaged to produce an event-related potential (ERP), whose components develop and resolve within tens or hundreds of milliseconds. These potentials are designated by the millisecond lag between presentation of the stimulus and the appearance of the ERP, with the P50 (i.e. potential at 50 ms after... 

Xu, D. X. Densmore, A. Delage, A. Waldron, P. Janz, S. Lapointe, J. Lopinski, G. Mischki, T. McKinnon, R. Cheben, P. Schmid, J. H., Folded cavity SOI microring resonator sensors for high sensitivity and real time measurement of biomolecular binding, Opt. Express 2008, 16, 15137 15148... 

Newer techniques for measuring the refractive index allow for instantaneous, real-time measurement in process streams, or alternatively, a special continuous-flow sample well can be installed on bench top instruments. Small, pocket-sized refractometers also make held measurement very simple and reliable. Fiber optic sensors find uses in biomedical applications. 

Koo YE, Cao Y, Kopelman R, Koo SM, Brasuel M, Philbert MA (2004) Real-time measurements of dissolved oxygen inside live cells by organically modified silicate fluorescent nanosensors. Anal Chem 76 2498-2505... 

Henry MR, Wilkins Stevens P, Sun J, Kelso DM (1999) Real-time measurements of DNA hybridization on microparticles with fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Anal Biochem 276 204-214... 

Real Time Measurement of Particle Size Distribution of Airborne Cotton Dust by Light Scattering... 

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