Cholinesterase inhibitors toxicology

Anger, W. K. (1981). Effects of carbaiyl on variable interval response rates in rats. Neurobehavioral Toxicology 2 21-24. Bear, D. M. (1986). Aggression in cat and human precipitated by a cholinesterase inhibitor. Psychosomatics 27 535-536. Branch, R. A. (1986). Is carbaryl as safe as its reputation Does it have a potential for causing chronic neurotoxicity in humans American Journal cf Medicine 80 659-664. 

Toxicology. Ronnel is a weak cholinesterase inhibitor and has low toxicity. 

Several glycoalkaloids present in food are of toxicological interest. Solaninc. found in potatoes, tomatoes, apples, eggplant, and sugar beets, has been responsible lor several cases uf moderate to severe poisoning. Solanine is a cholinesterase inhibitor and toxic doses are probably ca 200 mg. Market potatoes contain about 1-5 mg of solanine per 10(1 g fresh weight, The USDA establishes solanine levels of 20 mg/100 g as the limit for safe consumption. 

Fonnum, F., Sterri, S.H. (2006). Tolerance development to toxicity of cholinesterase inhibitors. In Toxicology of Organ-ophosphate and Carbamate Compounds (R.C. Gupta, ed.), pp. lSl-61. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 

Pope, C., Karanth, S., Liu, J. (2005). Pharmacology and toxicology of cholinesterase inhibitors uses and misuses of a common mechanism of action. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 19 433 6. 

Methods of Assessing Cholinesterase Inhibition. The increased use of cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides has stimulated research in many areas of scientific endeavor. One such area has been concerned with the in vivo toxicological properties of cholinesterase inhibitors. However, the area of concern here is in the field of analytical chemistry where cholinesterases are used as a tool for the quantitative determination of unknown amounts of inhibitors (8). Such procedures are frequently used for the analysis of certain pesticide residues and can be categorized into the following types of methods ... 

Caution Cholinesterase inhibitor. Absorbed through the skin Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products R. E. 

Cnunon Cholinesterase inhibitor Clinical Toxicology of Cmmmial Products, R. E. Gosselin et al. Eds. (Williams St Wilkins, Baltimore, Sth ed 1984) Section II, p 305. 

Pauluhn, J.. Machemer. L., and Kimmerle, G. (1987). Effects of inhaled cholinesterase inhibitors on bronchial tonus and on plasma and erythrocyte acetylcholine esterase activity in rats. Toxicology 46, 177-190. 

Toxicology ACGIH TLV/TWA 5 mg/m LD50 (oral, rat) 4000 mg/kg, (IP, rat) 59 mg g, (IV, rat) 100 mg/kg poison by ing., IP, IV, subcut. routes not a cholinesterase inhibitor TSCA listed Precaution Incompat. with strong acids (may react violently) may attack aluminum, iron, and other reactive metals hydrolyzes under acidic conditions slowly hydrolyzes in neutral aq. sol n. 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 650 pQ/kg, (subcut., rat) 666 pg/kg, (skin, rabbit) 1400 mg/kg powerful systemic poison deadly poison by ing., skin contact, subcut., possibly other routes may be fatal by ing., inh., or skin absorp. absorbed thru skin cholinesterase inhibitor may cause pupillary constriction, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle twitching, convulsions, anorexia, respiratory failure, weakness, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, dyspnea, cyanosis, etc. human mutagenic data TSCA listed... 

Properties Amber liq. mild odor sol. in most org. soivs. si. sol. in water m.w. 359.58 Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 9.66 mg/kg, (IV, rat) 6.6 mg/kg, (dermal, rat) 30-108 mg/kg poison by ing., skin contact, IP, subcut. and IV routes human blood system effects by skin contact a cholinesterase inhibitor Environmental Toxic to fish Precaution EPA extremely hazardous substances list corrosive to metal Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits very toxic fumes of Cl" and POx Uses Insecticide, acaricide, nematicide, parasiticide... 

Toxicology ACGIH TLV/TWA 0.1 mg/m LD50 (oral, male rat) 250 mg/kg, (skin, rabbit) > 2020 mg/kg toxic by ingestion, inh., and skin absorption cholinesterase inhibitor tumorigen mutagen use may be restricted TSCA listed... 

Toxicology ACGIH TLV/TWA 0.05 mg/m (skin) LD50 (oral, mouse) 6590 pg/kg, (skin, rat) 2500 pg/kg, (IV, rat) 1200 pg/kg poison by ing., skin contact, IV route cholinesterase inhibitor use may be restricted experimental reproductive effects mutagenic data... 

Synonyms Benzophosphate S-((3-Benzoxazolinyl-6-chloro-2-oxo) methyl) 0,0-diethyl phosphorodithioate S-(6-Chloro-3-(mercaptomethyl)-2-benzoxazolinone) 0,0-diethyl phosphorodithioate 3-Diethyldithiophosphorylmethyl-6-chlorobenzoxazolone-2 Phosphorodithioic acid, S-((6-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzoxazolyl) methyl) 0,0-diethyl ester Empirical C12H15CINO4PS2 Properties Colorless cryst. sol. in alcohols, aromatic soivs. insol. in water and aliphatic soivs. m.w. 367.82 m.p. 48 C Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 85 mg/kg, (skin, rabbit) 1000 mg/kg toxic by ing., inh., skin contact a cholinesterase inhibitor Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits very toxic fumes of Cl", NOx, POx, and SOx... 

Properties Colorless liq. char, odor insol. in water sol. in most org. soivs. m.w. 282.38 dens. 0.987 b.p. 142-145 C (4.5 mm) flash pt. 146 C Toxicology LD50 (IP, mouse) 300 mg/kg highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor Precaution Combustible Uses Plasticizer lubricant additive antifoam hydraulic fluid intermediate... 

Properties Colorless clear vise, liq. mild odor sol. in most org. soivs., 95% ethanol, acetone, DMSO, ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons sol. < 1 mg/ml in water insol. in aliphatic hydrocarbons m.w. 430.91 dens. 1.508 g/cm (22.2 C) vapor pressure 10.3 mm Hg (25 C) f.p. 27 C b.p. 236-237 C (5 mm) flash pt. 252 C ref. index 1.5022 Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 1850 mg/kg, (skin, rabbit) > 23,700 mg/kg mod. toxic by ing. may cause irritation of skin, respiratory tract cholinesterase inhibitor may cause tremors, convulsions, irritability, hypermotility, diarrhea, enzyme inhibition, change in blood/tissue levels, changes in liver/kidney wt questionable carcinogen experimental teratogen and reproductive effects mutagenic data ... 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 1311 mg/kg, (dermal, guinea pig) > 20 mi/kg LDLo (orai, rat) 1600 mg/kg mod. toxic by ing., iP, iV routes causes eye irritation may cause nerve damage cholinesterase inhibitor experimental reproductive effects mutagenic data TSCA listed... 

---