Chlorendic polyester resins

Chlorendic polyester resins made from HEX acid and maleic anhydride may also be considered. They have increased fire resistance due to the presence of chlorine. Strength and toughness properties are lower than in isophthalic resins. 

A superior thermal and corrosion resistant, hand-lay, chlorendic polyester resin. 

Chlorendic Acid. Chlorendic acid [115-28-6] and its anhydride [115-27-5] are widely used flame retardants. Chlorendic acid is synthesized by a Diels-Alder reaction of maleic anhydride and hexachlorocyclopentadiene (see CyclopentadlENE and dicyclopentadiente) in toluene followed by hydrolysis of the anhydride using aqueous base (60). The anhydride can be isolated directly from the reaction mixture or can be prepared in a very pure form by dehydration of the acid. The principal use of chlorendic anhydride and chlorendic acid has been in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins. Because the esterification rate of chlorendic anhydride is similar to that of phthalic anhydride, it can be used in place of phthalic anhydride in commercial polyester... 

Flame-Retardant Resins. Flame-retardant resins are formulated to conform to fire safety specifications developed for constmction as well as marine and electrical appHcations. Resins produced from halogenated intermediates (Table 5) are usually processed at lower temperatures (180°C) to prevent excessive discoloration. Dibromoneopentyl glycol [3296-90-0] (DBNPG) also requires glass-lined equipment due to its corrosive nature. Tetrabromophthahc anhydride (TBPA) and chlorendic anhydride (8) are formulated with ethylene glycols to maximize fiame-retardant properties reaction cycle times are about 12 h. Resins are also produced commercially by the in situ bromination of polyester resins derived from tetrahydrophthahc anhydride... 

Use Flame-resistant polyester resins, hardening epoxy resins, chemical intermediate, source of chlorendic acid. 

Halogenated resins consist of chlorinated or brominated polymers. The chlorinated polyester resins ciured at room temperature and reinforced with fiberglass possess unique physical, mechanical, and corrosion resistance properties. These are also known as chlorendic polyesters. 

The vinyl esters have better impact resistance and greater tolerance to cyclic temperatures, pressure fluctuations, and mechanical shock than the chlorendic and bisphenol polyester resins. This results in a tough laminate that is resistant to cracking and crazing. 

Uses Comonomer in flame-resistant alkyd/unsat. polyester resins chemical intermediate source of chlorendic acid epoxy resin curing agent/hardener corrosion resist, agent... 

Chlorendic anhydride (1,4,5,6,7,7-hexa-chloro-5-norbornene-2,3-dicar-boxylic anhydride, HET anhydride, a difunctional acid anhydride) n. HET anhydride is a white, crystalline powder used as a hardening agent and flame retardant in epoxy, alkyd, and polyester resins (See image). 

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is the basis for a number of pesticides such as Chlorodane, Aldrin, Dieldrin, and Kepone. The production of some of these materials has been banned in many regions because of their carcinogenic properties and toxicity to wildlife. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is also the raw material for chlorendic acid, which is used as a flame retardant (product information from Velsicol Chemical Corp.) for imsatimated polyester resins. 

The polyester mortars were originally developed to resist chlorine dioxide. There are a number of types of polyester resins available. The ones most commonly used are the isophthalic, chlorendic, and Bisphenol A fumurate. Depending on the application, the polyester mortars can be formulated to incorporate carbon and silica fillers. One hundred percent carbon fillers are used to resist hydrofiuoric acid, fiuorine chemicals, and strong alkalies such as sodium and potassium hydroxide. The chlorendic and Bisphenol A fumurate resins have improved chemi-... 

A = bisphenol A epoxy—aliphatic amine hardener 1 -B = bisphenol A epoxy—aromatic amine hardener 1 -C = bisphenol F epoxy (epoxy novolac) 2-D = polyester resin—chlorendic acid type 2- E = polyester resin—bisphenol A fumarate type 3- F = vinyl ester resin 3-G = vinyl ester novolac resin ... 

The chlorendic and bisphenol A resins offer improved chemical resistance, higher thermal capabilities, and improved ductility with less shrinkage. The bisphenol A resins provide improved resistance to alkalies and essentially equivalent resistance to oxidizing mediums. Refer to Table 18.5 for the resistance of the polyester resins to atmospheric contaminents and to Table 18.8 for the comparative chemical resistance of the various polyester resins. 

The chlorendic and bisphenol A fumarate resins offer improved chemical resistance over the isophthalics (see Table 10.1). The essentially neutral curing systems provide capability for application to concrete substrates. When properly formulated the polyester resins provide installation flexibility to a wide range of temperatures, humidity, and contaminants. 

Unsaturated polyester resins formulated with either carbon or silica fillers are used as polymer concretes. Bisphenol A fumarate resins and chlorendic acid resins are the two primarily used to formulate polyester concrete. Either resin can provide corrosion protection from normal atmospheric pollutants. Of the two, the chlorendic resins have a somewhat superior overall corrosion resistance (see Table 10.2). 

Chlorendic anhydride 9 is used for making fire-retardant polyester resins. Polyester resins so made are used for insulation of electrical parts, appliance parts, corrosion resistant ductwork, etc. (See Chapter 12.)... 

Chlorendic acid and chlorendic anhydride are used as reactive flame retardants,i.e. built into the polymeric backbone, in polyester resins and as plasticizers for electrical systems and paints. Chlorendic acid is fairly persistent in soil. It has been foimd in landfill leachate in amoimts up to 455 mg 1". ... 

Flame retardance in polymeric materials may be achieved by two different mechanisms. The first is by using an inherently flame retardant material as a substantial component of the polymeric material or compound. This approach is exemplified by the use of chlorendic acid as a reactive component of flame retardant polyester resins, or the use of substantial quantities of phosphate plasticisers in non-flame PVC compounds, eg for automotive leather-cloth. 

Chlorendic Acid Polyester These resins have excellent resistance to acids, good resistance to oxidizing acid media and high-temperature resistance, and moderate fire resistance. 

Chlorinated paraffins, which contain up to 60-70% chlorine, are low in cost and are used as secondary plasticizer in PVC wire and cable insulations. Perchlorobicyclopentadiene has little plasticizing action and is used in polyethylene. Some of the more expensive bromine-containing fire retardants which have been used in the ratio of 5 p.p.h. in polystyrene foam, may be reduced to 0.5 p.p.h. by adding synergists such as peroxides or nitroso compounds. The reaction-type retardants, such as chlorendic acid and anhydride, hydroxy-terminated phosphonated esters, and specific brominated aliphatic esters, are admixed to rigid and flexible polyurethane foams, reinforced polyesters, phenolics, and epoxy resins. 

Chlorines Chlorinated paraffins Tris (dichloropropyl) phosphate, methyl pentachlorostearate, and other chlorinated phosphates Cycloaliphatic chlorine Chlorendic anhydride LDPE film and flexible PVC Urethane foam and topical fabric Polypropylene and nylon Reactive intermediate in making polyester and epoxy flame-retardant resins Amspec Chemical, Asahi Denka Kogyo, ICC Industries-Dover, Kettlitz Chemie, Lehmann Voss, OxyChem, Polytechs... 

Velsicol Chemical LLC, formerly Velsicol Chemical Corporation, designs, manufactures, markets and distributes high performance specialty chemicals and industrial intermediates, primarily based on benzoic acid and the organic compound cyclopentadiene. Its products include chlorendic anhydride and hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HEX). Chlorendic anhydride is corrosion resistant, fire resistant and has high UV stability, and is used in the synthesis of flame retardant polymers such as polyurethanes, unsaturated polyester and epoxy resins. HEX, a reactive intermediate used in the manufacture of agricultural pesticides in the production of flame retardants for the wire and cable industry and in the preparation of chlorendic anhydride. The company s products are produced primarily at a plant in Memphis, Tennessee Velsicol also maintains the Memphis Environmental Center (MEC), which focuses on managing legacy environmental liabilities. The firm is owned by Arsenal Capital Partners, a private equity firm. 

Intrinsically non-flammable polymers are few, but phenolic resins have a good reputation both in Are and smoke performance, which has resulted in their becoming increasingly favoured for reinforced plastics structures, for example, underground transport, where such concerns are greatest. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is also a low fire and smoke polymer. Unsaturated polyesters, vinyl esters and epoxy resins bum readily, but modified versions are available with improved behaviour. For example, both bromine and chlorine are used extensively in the form of chlorendic (HET) acid, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride (TCPA) and tetrabromo-phthalic anhydride (TBPA) which can be reacted into the polyester in small quantities and can act as permanent (non-migrating) flame retardants. 

In speciality polyesters, raw materials are selected judiciously to improve the properties and performance of the resin with compromise of the cost. Speciality resins are used if high mechanical strength, and resistance to chemicals and corrosion, is required. Use of a non-polar glycol such as polypropylene glycol and poly(butylene glycol) contributes towards the water resistance and corrosion resistance. Three types of speciality resins are used isopthalic resin, chlorendic resin, and BPA fumerate resin. Typical formulations of speciality UPE resins are given in Table 2.5. 

Unsaturated polyesters are the most versatile class of thermosetting polymers. They are macromolecules made up of an unsaturated component, (i.e., maleic anhydride or its trans isomer, fumaric acid, which provides the sites for further reaction) and a saturated dibasic acid or anhydride with dihydric alcohols or oxides (typically phthalic anhydride which can be replaced by aliphatic acid, like adipic acid, for improved flexibility). If blends of phthalic anydride (or isophthalic acid) and maleic anhydride/fumaric acid are used, ortho (or iso) resins (Figure 6.18) are obtained. On the other hand, if propoxylated or ethoxylated bisphenol A is used with fumaric acid, bisphenol A fumarates are obtained, if a blend of chlorendic... 

Flame retarded polyester formulation may contain 10-50% of the anhydride, with 30% being typical. They are used primarily in construction including shower systems, lavatories, panels in exterior sidings of office buildings, roof lights, glazing, and door panels. The chlorendic anhydride based resins tend to demand high prices because of their translucency and increased corrosion resistance. 

---