Carbon fillers

Electrical Properties. (See Table 1.) A new family of ABS products exhibiting electrostatic dissipative properties without the need for nonpolymeric additives or fillers (carbon black, metal) is now also commercially available (2). 

Reinforcing Fillers. Carbon black is by far the most heavily used reinforcing filler for tire compounds. Annual tire usage of all grades of carbon black is estimated to be over three million metric tons aimuaHy. 

The Hquid polymer is then compounded with metal oxides or peroxides, as weU as fillers (carbon black) and can undergo cold vulcanization, ie, chain extension and cross-linking iato a soHd matrix. It is largely used as a sealant and gasket material for wiadows, automobile wiadshields, etc. 

Commercial grades of polymer may contain, in addition to glass fibre, fire retardants, impact modifiers and particulate reinforcing fillers. Carbon fibre may be used as an alternative to glass fibre. 

But there is another method — the use of heterogeneous blends of polymers [45, 46], To this end, electrical properties and distribution of the filler (carbon black) in the mixtures of polyethylene and thermodynamically incompatible polymers were investigated. 

Overall the results led to the conclusion that acetylated nanoparticles of both starch and cellulose offer potential eco-friendly substitutes for the conventional filler carbon black upto 40 phr. They imparted high mechanical strength and elasticity with minimum compromise in themal stability and moisture absorption of the resulting bionanocomposites. Cellulose acetate nanoparticles afforded effective reinforcement even upto loadings as high as 50 phr. 

Filler Carbon black Natural amorphous silica, precipitated silica, nonblack nanofiller Solvent Organic solvent Aqua-based solvent... 

Additives such as special fillers (carbon blacks, for example), UV stabilizers and so on can enhance the basic resistance of the matrix to UV. 

Additionally for rubber compounds, the differences in polarity and unsaturation of the various polymers cause different affinities for fillers and curing additives. In blends of different rubber polymers, the reinforcing filler carbon black for instance locates itself preferentially in the phase with the higher unsaturation and/or polarity, leaving the lower unsaturation or nonpolar phase unreinforced. The affinity for carbon black decreases in the following order of polymers [2] ... 

We restrict, in this paper, the discussions related to the reinforcement of elastomers to the investigation of a single filler, carbon black. We, moreover, mostly focus on the part played by surface chemical interactions in the properties of filler reinforced rubbers. 

Kodama and co-workers [58] have reported TG-DSC curves for the analysis of the interaction between vulcanisation accelerators (tetramethylthiuram disulphide, dibenzothiazolyl disulphide, diphenylguanidine and N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolyl-sulphenamide) and fillers (carbon black, white carbon, hard clay and CaC03). The initial melting point (MP) of the accelerators was largely influenced by the fillers. The higher the surface activity of the filler is, the lower and wider the melting range becomes. 

Figure 15.15 Natural abundance 2H MAS spectra observed in a series of vulcanised natural rubbers with various vulcaniser (sulfur 1 or 3 wt%) and/or filler (carbon black 0 or 40 wt%) contents. The spinning speed is 0.5 kHz. The number of scans is about 300000. Spectra are simulated with two components (a mobile and a rigid one) with various residual quadrupolar interactions...

For example, sulfur-cured SBR samples that contained no filler, carbon black, silica, or a combination of carbon black and silica were heated with the 2-buta-nol under supercritical conditions. The SBR had an original weight average molecular weight of about 400,000. The weight average molecular weights of the devulcanized SBR samples recovered are reported in Table 2. 

MANUFACTURERS BRAND NAMES Anthracite Industries, Inc., Sunbury, PA, USA 4072-C, 505, 7002, 7004, Anthrin Filler, Carbon Filler Oxide Coal Fillers, Inc., Bluefield, VA, USA Austin Black - low specific gravity reinforcing and mineral filler Keystone Filler Manufacturing Company, Muncy, PA, USA Mineral Black 121 OC, 123, 126, 325BA... 

Typical fillers carbon black, glass beads... 

Typical fillers carbon fiber, glass fiber, graphite, fluorocarbon, PTFE... 

Typical fillers carbon fiber, glass fiber, aramid, mica, talc, calcinated kaolin, antimony trioxide, carbon black, zinc borate, glass spheres... 

Typical fillers carbon black, silica, calcium carbonate, clay, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, sand, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconia, ferrite, graphite... 

Typical fillers carbon black, talc, in EMI shielding field silver plated aluminum, silver plated nickel, silver coated glass spheres, silver plated copper, silver, nickel and carbon black... 

Typical fillers carbon black, calcium carbonate, dolomite, clays, calcinated clays, talc, soapstone, zinc oxide, filmed silica, borates, iron oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium carbonate, pulverized polyurethane foam, barium and strontium ferrites, magnesium aluminum silicate, nylon fibers, quartz in EMI shielding field silver plated aluminum, silver plated nickel, silver coated glass spheres, silver plated copper, silver, nickel and carbon black... 

Typical fillers carbon black, calcium carbonate, kaolin, zinc oxide, clay... 

Typical fillers carbon black, silica, lead oxide (y-radiation shields), sodium aluminum silicate, clay, mica, kaolin, carbon fiber crosslinked PS beads... 

Dutta and Ryan (1979) examined the effects of fillers (carbon black and silane-surface-treated silica) on the cure of DGEBA/MPDA epoxy-amine systems. They found that the rate constants of the cure reaction are affected by the presence of the fillers in an unusual fashion (a function of temperature and concentration) with respect to concentrations up to 10%. This was postulated to be due to the reactive surface groups on the fillers. The reaction order, however, is not affected. 

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