Chemical equipment

Nomenclature is the compilation of descriptions of things and technical terms in a special field of knowledge, the vocabulary ofa technical language. In the history of chemistry, a systematic nomenclature became significant only rather late. In the early times of alchemy, the properties of the substance or its appearance played a major role in giving a compound a name. Libavius was the first person who tried to fix some kind of nomenclature in Alckeinia in 1,597. In essence, he gave names to chemical equipment and processes (methods, names that are often still valid in our times. 

The principal uses of PCTFE plastics remain in the areas of aeronautical and space, electrical/electronics, cryogenic, chemical, and medical instmmentation industries. AppHcations include chemically resistant electrical insulation and components cryogenic seals, gaskets, valve seats (56,57) and liners instmment parts for medical and chemical equipment (58), and medical packaging fiber optic appHcations (see Fiber optics) seals for the petrochemical /oil industry and electrodes, sample containers, and column packing in analytical chemistry and equipment (59). 

Year Consumer Producer Industrial chemicals Chemical equipment Process plants Petroleum refinery General construction f... 

FIG. 11-55 Heat-transfer equipment for continuous solidification, (a) Single drum, (h) Twin drum, (c) Roto-shelf. CouHesy of Buflovak Division, Blaw-Knox Food [Pg.1090]

FIG. 12-74 Atypical vacuum dryer. (Blaw-Knox Vood [Pg.1213]

FIG. 17-49 Self-induced spray scrubbers, a) Blaw-Knox Food Chemical Equipment, Inc. (h) American Air Filter Co., Inc. 

The electrochemical protection of chemical plants is a question of customizing and therefore no universally applicable cost data can be established. Since chemical equipment and the materials used in its construction are proportionately more expensive and frequently other protection methods give no absolute guaran-... 

Applications include high-performance insulation for wire and cables (particularly heater cables), and corrosion-resistant linings for pumps, valves, pipes and other chemical equipment. Its availability in the form of film and tubing has led to its demand for both corrosion protection and antistick applications. 

A world wide director) of chemical catalogs, chemical equipment, and chemical companies. 

About two-thirds of the N2 produced industrially is supplied as a gas, mainly in pipes but also in cylinders under pressure. The remaining one-third is supplied as liquid N2 since this is also a very convenient source of the dry gas. The main use is as an inert atmosphere in the iron and steel industry and in many other metallurgical and chemical processes where the presence of air would involve fire or explosion hazards or unacceptable oxidation of products. Thus, it is extensively used as a purge in petrochemical reactors and other chemical equipment, as an inert diluent for chemicals, and in the float glass process to prevent oxidation of the molten tin (p. 370). It is also used as a blanketing gas in the electronics industry, in the packaging of processed foods and pharmaceuticals, and to pressurize electric cables, telephone wires, and inflatable rubber tyres, etc. 

Despite these qualifications copper and its alloys are used extensively and successfully in much chemical equipment. Uses include condensers and evaporators, pipelines, pumps, fans, vacuum pans, fractionating columns, etc. Tin-bronzes, aluminium-bronzes and silicon-bronzes are used in some circumstances because they present better corrosion resistance than copper or brasses. 

Carbons are very stable to conventional acids and bases, and as a result they are used as corrosion-resistant material for chemical equipment. However, oxidation will occur at room temperature in highly oxidising solutions such as highly concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid, blends of potassium dichromate and phosphoric acid, or potassium chlorate and nitric acid. 

Since the early 1980s a chemical-equipment combination technique has been available utilizing hydrazine and a catalytic carbon filter bed, and since the early 1990s gas transfer membranes have entered the market and proved to be particularly effective. 

As a result of the high costs of technical services, most water treatment vendors employ a variety of methods that allows them to charge an economic rate for the programs they sell. They will negotiate a price with the customer based on providing the most suitable balance of on-site service time and chemical/equipment requirements, that anticipates and resolves problems, meets the customers needs, and relieves his or her pain. ... 

At first glance, and despite there having been little in the way of ground-breaking advances in treatment chemicals, equipment, or program applications for many a year, the fundamentals of the science and business of boiler water management appear to be, on the whole, still imperfectly understood by this group. 

There is no continuity in sizing of chemical equipment. There are discrete changes in capacities of chemical equipment of all kinds, either due to state and international standards or due to internal standards of individual manufacturers of chemical equipment. For instance, according to DIN standards, the volumes of glass-lined reactors increase in... 

Combining equations (7.4-24)-(7.4-26) gives a system of non-linear equations that can be solved using iterative techniques. Savings in equipment costs as compared to initial guesses are approximately 30 %. The real savings will be lower because the optimal choices for equipment units are usually not available on the chemical equipment market. The standard sizes greater but nearest to the optimal sizes will be selected. The total cost for the standard equipment is very close to the minimum found. Robinson and Loonkar (1972) extended their procedure for multiproduct batch plants. 

Pure copper is not widely used for chemical equipment. It has been used traditionally in the food industry, particularly in brewing. Copper is a relatively soft, very easily worked metal, and is used extensively for small-bore pipes and tubes. 

Bhattacharyya, B. C. (1976) Introduction to Chemical Equipment Design, Mechanical Aspects (Indian Institute of Technology). 

This material has been used by the military as a simulant of a nonpersistent agent to evaluate chemical equipment. It is also used to activate detector kits and alarms. It has been used during field exercises to simulate the threat posed by toxic agent vapor and assist in training soldiers on the proper use of protective equipment. 

Much information on chemicals, equipment, etc. can be obtained from the various trade journals and newspapers such as Chemical Marketing Reporter. Many companies sell used tabletting machines (e.g., Union Std. Equip. Co. in New York and Chicago and Chemical and Process Mach. Corp. in New York). 

Assemble the chemicals, equipment, instrument, etc. Arrange to get samples of the material to be analyzed, or better yet, go and perform the sampling yourself. Perform the preliminary physical or chemical treatment needed for the samples, standards, and blanks. 

Polypropylene is used in sterilisable medical and chemical equipment machine parts, food packs, book coverings, packing meat and cheese, washable wall paper yarn to make socking, etc. 

Uses. Used in various superconductor applications and for cutting tools. Nb steels are very heat resistant. Niobium has a good resistance towards corrosive chemicals even at high temperature it is used in the construction of chemical equipment even if it is not as resistant as tantalum. Nb has a low neutron capture cross-section and it is especially resistant towards liquid sodium corrosion it finds applications in the nuclear industry. Nb is very malleable and easy to shape and may be used in special jewellery this is also because it is possible to give it beautiful colours (thin-film interference colours) by heating in air or, better, by controlled anodization. 

Even the use of chemical equipment and laboratories has an impact on society. Labs cost money to operate they need repairs equipment needs maintenance and spare parts. Chemicals must be properly shipped, stored, and disposed of. Lab emissions may foul the air, water, and land to a noticeable degree. The total research system—personnel, lab, equipment, and material—has economic and societal impacts. The allocation of funding, quality of laboratory safeguards, and emphasis on one research topic or another impact on both the scientific and non-scientific community and include societal factors. 

Boron nitrate (B + N —> BN) is a white powder used to line high-temperatures furnaces, to make heating crucibles, for electrical and chemical equipment, for heat shields on spacecraft nosecones, and to make high-strength fabrics. 

Uses. Manufacture of capacitors and other electronic components chemical equipment and corrosion-resistant tools... 

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