Cutting tool

Next to diamond, cubic boron nitride is the hardest known material, with exceptionally high abrasion resistance and cutting-edge life in severe cutting conditions. 

A layer of cubic boron nitride approximately 0.5 mm thick is bonded to a cemented-carbide tip approximately 5 mm thick. The cemented carbide provides a shock-resisting base. This material will machine chilled cast iron and fully hardened steel and still maintain a cutting edge. It is designed to perform most effectively on materials difficult to cut, and in some cases can replace a grinding operation. 

It does not react with other metals or oxidise at temperatures below 1000 °C and it is therefore virtually unaffected by heat generated in the high-speed cutting of difficult-to-machine materials. 

Diamond is the hardest known material. For this reason, single-crystal natural-diamond tools have been used in industry for a great number of years, to dress grinding wheels and as cutting tools to finish-machine non-ferrous and non-metallic materials. 

A synthetic or man-made diamond material is now available which is extremely tough with a hardness approaching that of natural diamond. A layer of this synthetic diamond material is bonded to a tough shock-resisting base of cemented carbide for use in the form of tips. The range of application is on non-ferrous metals such as aluminium alloys, magnesium alloys, copper, brass, bronze and zinc alloys and non-metallic materials such as ceramics, porcelain and plastics. This material will also machine fully sintered tungsten carbide. 

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It is alloyed with iron, nickel and other metals to make Alnico, an alloy of unusual magnetic strength with many important uses. Stellite alloys, containing cobalt, chromium, and tungsten, are used for high-speed, heavy-duty, high temperature cutting tools, and for dies. 

Cutter Cutting Cuttingfluids Cuttingmills Cutting oils Cutting tools... 

Tools, cutting Tools, power Tool steels... 

In other useful appHcations, siHcon nitride bearings have been found to offer exceUent performance siHcon nitride cutting tool inserts are a commercial product wear parts such as sand blast nozzles, seals, and die liners are also commercially produced the superior performance of heat exchangers has been demonstrated and there are also military appHcations. 

U.S. production of bromine trifluoride is several metric tons per year mostiy used in oil-weU cutting tools. Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. is the only U.S. producer. The 1992 price was ca 80/kg. 

Hafnium carbide [12069-85-1] can be used as surface coating on cemented-carbide cutting tools, shows promise as a stable field emission cathode... 

A wide apphcation of electrochemical grinding is the production of tungsten carbide [12070-12-1] cutting tools (see Carbides Tool materials). ECG is also useful in the grinding of fragile parts such as hypodermic needles and thinwaH tubes. 

Small complex tool steel parts are being made by conventional compaction and sintering in vacuum to near theoretical density. AppHcations include spade drills, knife blades, slotting cutters, insert blades for gear cutters, reamer blades, and cutting tool inserts. 

The cermet class of materials contains a large number of compositions (57). Most cermets are carbide-based, eg, WC and titanium carbide [12070-08-5] TiC. Cemented tungsten carbides are widely used for cutting tools and car parts. 

Refractory compound coatings of carbides, nitrides, and oxides on cemented carbide cutting tools, mainly by the CVD process, are estimated at 300 X 10 annually worldwide. 

Annual world production of titanium carbide is thousands of metric tons. It is manufactured mainly in-house by cutting-tool manufacturers by the reduction of titanium dioxide with carbon ... 

Titanium siUcides are used in the preparation of abrasion- and heat-resistant refractories. Compositions based on mixtures of Ti Si, TiC, and diamond have been claimed to make wear-resistant cutting-tool tips (157). Titanium siUcide can be used as an electric—resistant material, in electrically conducting ceramics (158), and in pressure-sensitive elastic resistors, the electric resistance of which varies with pressure (159). 

Fig. 1. Schematic showing typical wear modes on a cutting tool.

A wide range of cutting-tool materials is available. Properties, performance capabilities, and cost vary widely (2,7). Various steels (see Steel) cast cobalt alloys (see Cobalt and cobalt alloys) cemented, cast, and coated carbides (qv) ceramics (qv), sintered polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (cBN) (see Boron compounds) and sintered polycrystalline diamond tbin diamond coatings on cemented carbides and ceramics and single-crystal natural diamond (see Carbon) are all used as tool materials. Most tool materials used in the 1990s were developed during the twentieth century. The tool materials of the 1990s... 

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