Low-cost applications

Many kinds of native and modified starches are being used on the size press.207 The governing factors are dispersion viscosity, film formation and resistance to retrogra-dation. For low-cost applications, native corn starch is depolymerized in the paper mill by enzymic or thermal-chemical conversion. In-plant converted starches are... 

One of the most convenient methods for determining lifetime, as well as one of the best suited to low-cost applications, involves using frequency-modulated excitation (49). Upon excitation by a frequency modulated source, the finite lifetime of the emitter causes a phase-shift and demodulation of the emission relative to the excitation waveform as shown schematically in Fig. 6. 

LPE has been widely used at high-temperature and has proved its capacity to grow high-quality epitaxial layers. But for low-temperature, it appears to be more difficult. However, it presents strong interest for low-cost applications (especially for solar cells) as it broadens the choice of the substrate. Actually, it will be possible to use glass substrate, if a suitable seed layer is previously deposited on the surface. But for such process, new solvents have to be defined. Main difficulties, compared to conventional LPE at 900-1,000°C, are the low solubility of silicon in usual solvent and the presence of native silicon oxide, which cannot be removed under H2 flow. 

Two such technologies shall be discussed as further examples. One represents a relatively sophisticated approach, the other an extremely low cost application. 

On the other end of the scale of sophistication are agglomeration methods needed for low cost applications in the field of recovery of small amounts of valuable materials by leaching and waste processing for disposal. Many finely divided particulate wastes cannot be deposited in landfills or similar open storage facilities because of the danger of recontamination by wind and water. Because, in this case, agglomeration is only an additional cost, the cheapest possible method must be selected. 

For low cost application the BSI bus (bit synchronous interface) can be used where the data rate is synchronized bitwise and not framewise. Therefore the clock can be regenerated out of the data stream without the need for a quartz-based clock. 

RFID technology to this point has had mixed success. While RFID has been tremendously successful in high-value asset tracking applications, it has only had moderate success in the low-cost applications that offer the largest potential markets. This has primarily been limited by the cost of current RFID, which is still a little too high for the target markets [4]. This, in fact, is the primary motivation for the use of organic transistors in low-cost RFID. Therefore, to facilitate a better... 

As a first constraint, recall that all passive tags require that power be derived from the incident carrier frequency broadcast by the reader. For low-cost applications, this will likely be in the high frequency (HF) or UHF bands, as discussed previously. Given the performance limitations of organic materials, it is highly unlikely that harvesting of UHF frequencies will be possible. As a result, the circuit analysis here will focus exclusively on HF tags. 

Polyolefin transportation, industrial, electrical and electronic, construction generally for low cost applications can be easily tailored for specific applications. 

Conductive adhesives are one of the feasible alternatives to lead for electronics assembly. Isotropically conductive adhesives are suitable for standard pitch (50- to 100-mil) surface-mounted components and numerous commercial materials are available (see commercial suppher Ksting, Section VI.E). Anisotropically conductive adhesives are more suited to flex to rigid connections, fine pitch components (15- to 20-mil pitch), and flip-chip assembly (4- to 12-mil pitch) [22]. Adhesives are not ready to replace solder throughout the electronics industry, however, due to questions that remain concerning the reliability of electrical interconnections. Their implementation is currently limited to low-cost applications using polyester substrates and specialty appHcations where solder cannot be used. Additionally, the lack of equipment for large-volume assembly with anisotropically conductive adhesives, which require the simultaneous appUcation of heat and pressure, impedes the acceptance of these promising materials. 

Thanks to cost-competitive PHAs being developed, low-cost applications should also be developed. These include the new processing technology that can exploit the existing extruders and other molding machines used to make products from common plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene. In addition, the blending of PHAs with cheaper materials such as starch and cellulose will reduce the cost even further without the loss of degradability and sustainability. 

The talc/magnesite variety of ores are derived from serpentinite hosts and are typically found in Vermont, Quebec, and Finland. This type of ore is macrocrystalline in nature and composed of approximately 45-65% talc by weight, with the remainder of the ore made up of magnesite (magnesium carbonate). In some low-cost applications, such as automotive underhood, these ores are coarsely ground and used as is. These ores are also frequently beneficiated to 93-99 wt% talc by flotation. Because talc is hydrophobic, it is easy to float with surfactants. The talc floats on an aqueous bubble, whereas the co-mineral impurities sink in the water phase. 

In this chapter, the effect of fabric treatment and filler addition on mechanical performance and moisture absorption of jute/polyester composites is investigated. Alkali and thermal treatments were carried out on commercially available whole fabrics. Jute fabric/polyester composites with calcimn carbonate filler find many low cost applications. 

The construction of flat-plate prismatic cells is illustrated in Fig. 35.35. As in a wound cell, a microporous polyethylene or polypropylene separator separates the positive and negative electrodes. Typically each plate in the cell has a tab, the tabs are bundled and welded to their respective terminals or to the cell case. Cell cases of either nickel-plated steel or 304L stainless steel have been used. As shown, the cover typically incorporates one or two terminals, a All port and a rupture disk. The terminal may be a glass-to-metal seal, for low cost applications compression type seals have been used, or the terminal may incorporate devices similar to those found in the header of cylindrical products to provide pressure, temperature and over current interrupt in one component. The case to covo" seal is typically formed either by TIG or laser welding. 

BDC, 2013, How do Internet survey tools help , http // www.bdc.ca/EN/solutions/smart tech/tech advice/ free low cost applications/Pages/internet survey tools.aspx, accessed on 10/2013. 

Routes to recycle solid PS include the basic wash, dry, and pelletize route described earlier but EPS typically requires a densification process to be applied. Densification eliminates the air in the foam beads by mechanical grinding or solvent attack. The recycled plastic is used in low-cost applications such as horticultural trays, wastebaskets, wood substitutes, packaging foam and desk trays. 

General purpose plastics are characterized for being used in low cost applications due to the ease of processing and low level of mechanical exigency. One way to add value to these commodities is nanocomposite formation, aiming to improve their properties (Anadao et al 2011). 

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