Total Research

Even the use of chemical equipment and laboratories has an impact on society. Labs cost money to operate they need repairs equipment needs maintenance and spare parts. Chemicals must be properly shipped, stored, and disposed of. Lab emissions may foul the air, water, and land to a noticeable degree. The total research system—personnel, lab, equipment, and material—has economic and societal impacts. The allocation of funding, quality of laboratory safeguards, and emphasis on one research topic or another impact on both the scientific and non-scientific community and include societal factors. 

Furthermore, the marketing of a new drug is often as costly as its total research expenditures (Hurwitz and Caves 1988). Those outlays are typically concentrated in the first two years following a product s introduction. Marketing costs effectively double the total outlays required for a new product s launch. This level of resources was generally available only from the major pharmaceutical companies. 

The extent to which plastics are used in any industry in the future will depend in part upon the continued total research and development... 

I also want to extend my thanks to P. Goursot (CNRS, Centre de Recherches Physico-Chimiques de la Surface du Solide, Mulhouse, France), who performed the thermogravimetric determinations and suggested many useful directions for research. I express my gratitude to the Management of Total Research for granting permission to publish this paper, especially to its Scientific Director, J. Grosmangin, for his continuous interest in the work. 

What is gained from federally funded research and development programs The answer to this question is very important because the government is financially supporting about 53% of the total research and development being done in the country this year. 

Baily, 1972 1949-69 (market introductions) Regression of total U.S. drug introductions in U.S. firms 1949-69 on total research expenditures (lagged 5 years), FDA regulation stringency, and a measure of depletion of research opportunities. Total R D data Pre-1962 2.5 PMA survey. million. Post-1962 New drug intro- 6 million, ductions Paul de Haen, Inc. 1958 0% Implicit Implicit... 

In terms of constant 2000 dollars, the U.S. federal obligations for total research in chemistry declined from a high of just over 1 billion in 1992... 

FIGURE 4-22 Federal obligations for total research in chemistry. SOURCE Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, Appendix Table 4-32. 

FIGURE 4-23 Federal obligations for total research, by related fields FY 1984-2003. 

Smits, V Humbeeck, E Roegiers, K, US Patent, 8821784, W02006067178, Total Research Technology Feluy 21 Dec. 2004. 

As noted by Faber [1], about two-thirds of the total research in the biocatalysis field has been carried out using hydrolytic enzymes, probably because of their large availability, their ease of use (also owing to their lack of special cofactors), and their variety in terms of substrate specificity and stereo preference. 

L. C. Case and Emery. The total research expenditures were 97,000 or 9% of the total engineering budget. 

Refining Bose Chemicals, Total Research < Technologi Feluy, Seneffe, Belgium... 

J.-P. Dath Refining Base Chemicals, Total Research Technology Feluy, Seneffe, Belgium J. Dijkmans Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Leuven, Belgium... 

Hie pharmaceutical industry in Spain is a major employer in the technology sector. At present there are around 270 pharmaceutical companies with production activity in Spain and approximately 375 laboratories (63). These companies employ close to 39,000 people, which represent about 7% of the total European pharmaceutical industry workforce (39). In 2001, approximately 9% of staff was employed in R D ftmctions, representing just over 12% of total research employees of industrial companies (62). 

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