In human prostate

Kotake-Nara, E, Kim, SJ, Kobori, M, Miyashita, K, and Nagao, A, 2002. Acyclo-retinoic acid induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Res 22, 689-695. 

Lycopene Oxidation, Uptake, and Activity in Human Prostate Cell Cultures... 

Clinton, SK, C Emenhiser, SJ Schwartz et al. 1996. Cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5(10) 823-833. 

Lin, X, M Tascilar, WH Lee et al. 2001. GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation is responsible for the absence of GSTP1 expression in human prostate cancer cells. Am J Pathol 159 1815-1826. 

Liu, A, N Pajkovic, Y Pang, D Zhu, B Calamini, AL Mesecar, and RB van Breemen. 2006. Absorption and subcellular localization of lycopene in human prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 5(11) 2879-2885. 

Suh, J and AB Rabson. 2004. NF-kappa B activation in human prostate cancer important mediator or epiphe-nomenon. J Cell Biochem 91 100-112. 

Although the influence of lycopene and proliferation of carcinoma cells appears not limited to its ability to modulate Cx43 expression, lycopene as well as its oxidation products have been reported to enhance GJC in cultured cells (Livny et al., 2002 Stahl et al., 2000). Recent data indicate that lycopene may indeed increase connexin-43 expression in human prostate (Kucuk et al., 2001). 

Bubendorf L et al. Hormone therapy failure in human prostate cancer analysis by complementary DNA and tissue microarrays. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999 91 1758-1764. 

Haddad AQ, Venkateswaran V, Viswanathan L, Teahan SJ, Fleshner NE and Klotz LH. 2006. Novel antiproliferative flavonoids induce cell cycle arrest in human prostate cancer cell lines. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 9(l) 68-76. 

Sumez Y, Gonzalez L, Cuadrado A, Berciano M, Lafarga M, Munoz A. (2003) Kahalalide F, a new marine-derived compound, induces oncosis in human prostate and breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2 863-872. 

Kim TG Hwi KK, Hung CS. (2005) Morphological and biochemical changes of andrographolide induced cell death in human prostatic adenocarcinoma PC-3 cells. In Vivo 19 551-557. 

Gupta S, Srivastava M, Ahmad N, et al. Over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human prostate adenocarcinoma. Prostate 2000 42 73-78. 

Hsu AL, Ching TT, Wang DS, et al. The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib induces apoptosis by blocking Akt activation in human prostate cancer cells independently of Bcl-2. J Biol Chem 2000 275 11,397-11,403. 

Palayoor ST, Bump EA, Calderwood SK, et al. Combined antitumor effect of radiation and ibuprofen in human prostate carcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res 1998 4 763-771. 

SR022 Iguchi K., N. Okumura, S. Usui, H. Sajiki, K. Hirota, and K. Hirano. Myristoleic acid, a cytotoxic component in the extract from Serenoa repens, induces apoptosis and necrosis in human prostatic LNCaP cells. Prostate 2001 47(1) 59-65. 

Roselli. Saw palmetto extract sup- SR058 presses insulin-like growth fact or-1 signaling and induces stress-activated protein kinase/c-]un N-terminal kinase phosphorylation in human prostate epithelial cells. Endocrinology... 

Zi, X.L. et al., A flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, inhibits activation of erbBl signaling and induces cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, G1 arrest and anticarcinogenic effects in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells, Cancer Res., 58, 1920, 1998. 

T raditionally, milk thistle fruits have been used for disorders of the liver, spleen, and gall bladder, such as jaundice and gall bladder colic. Milk thistle has also been used for nursing mothers for stimulating milk production, as a bitter tonic, for hemorrhoids, for dyspeptic complaints, and as a demulcent in catarrh and pleurisy. It is stated to possess hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and choleretic properties (128). Current interest is focused on the hepatoprotective activity of milk thistle and its use for the treatment of liver, spleen, and gall bladder disorders (129). Recently it has been shown that silibinin reduced prostate-specific antigen levels in prostate carcinoma cells lines, indicating a possible role of silibinin in human prostate cancer (130,131). 

In 1924, Martland et al. (1) reported on phosphatase activity in red blood cells. Roche later differentiated between the phosphatase of the red cells with pH optimum 6.0-6.2 and the phosphatase from white cells with optimum 8.8-9.0. Roche also showed that a-glycerophosphate was split more rapidly than -glycerophosphate by red cell extracts while the reverse was true of acid phosphatase activity in plasma (2). While studying the source of acid phosphatase activity in male urine, Kutscher and Wolberg discovered the very high activity of acid phosphatase in human prostate (3). This tissue was shown by Woodard to have one-thousand times the activity of extracts from bone, liver, and kidney (3a). Igarashi and Hollander crystallized the acid phosphatase of rat liver and showed that under certain conditions allosteric control of the activity could be demonstrated (4). 

Study of intermittent effluxes of acid phosphatase activity in the urine of mature human males 29) led to the discovery of the enzyme in semen and prostate by Kutscher and Wolberg (S). The enzyme is very active in human prostatic tissue and the caudal lobe of the rhesus monkey. Dog prostate contains much less enzyme than human tissue. Cat, guinea pig, rabbit, and rat prostates contain little (SO). Synthesis... 

It has been shown that EGCG-induced apoptosis, cell-growth inhibition, and cell-cycle dysregulation in human prostate cancer DU145 and LNCaP cells without producing similar effects in normal cells [Ahmad et al., 1997 ... 

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