In vitro expression

One of the questions confronting investigators in the HS field is whether fever or other acute phase reactants can induce HS gene expression. In vitro studies utilize extraordinary temperatures of 42 °C and higher. Core body temperatures may approach 40 °C as a result of fever. In most in vitro systems, this temperature does not lead to the HS response. However, there are reports that fever induces the increased synthesis of hsps in peripheral blood lymphocytes (Ciavarra, 1990). This response was observed in mononuclear cells exposed to febrile temperatures and in cells isolated from a medical intern who developed fever. 

Although TSER 9 appears to be unique to the Ghanaian population, the sample size evaluated in this study cannot deny the presence of this allele in other African populations [83]. Alleles corresponding to 5-8 or >9 tandem repeats were not identified in this study however, considering the low frequencies of TSER 4 and TSER 9 in the populations studied, it is possible that a larger population study may identify novel alleles. In addition, the significance of TSER 4 and TSER 9 is less clear. An increase in TSER repeats is associated with increased TS expression in vitro and TS protein levels in vivo [70, 80, 81]. There is no data in the literature that evaluates the role of ethnicity in response to TS inhibitor chemotherapy. 

Ricciardelli C, Horsfall DJ, Sykes PJ, Marshall VR, Tilley WD (1994) Effects of oestradiol-17 beta and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone on guinea-pig prostate smooth muscle cell proliferation and steroid receptor expression in vitro. J Endocrinol 140 373-383... 

In vivo oxidation activity may not be expressed in vitro due to inclusion of excessive amounts of "inactive" tissue in the various cell-free preparations. The resulting tissue dilution artifact renders activity unmeasurable due to the sensitivity of the analytical procedures. This consideration warrants further experimental evaluation. 

W.Y. Kim and L.Z. Benet. P-glycoprotein (P-gp/MDRl)-mediated efflux of sex-steroid hormones and modulation of P-gp expression in vitro. Pharm Res. 21 1284-1293 (2004). 

J. Muller, J. J. Windle, R. G. Pestell, and M. P. Lisanti. Reciprocal regulation of neu tyrosine kinase activity and caveolin-1 protein expression in vitro and in vivo. Implications for human breast cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 273 20448-20455... 

Caspar-Bauguil, S., Saadawi, M., Negre-Salvayre, A., Thomsen, M., Salvayre, R., and Benoist, H., 1998, Mildly oxidized low-density lipoproteins suppress the proliferation of activated CD4-I- T-lymphocytes and their interleukin 2 receptor expression in vitro, Biochem. J. 330 659-666. 

Hopper, S., Babst, M., Schlensog, V., Fischer, H. M., Hennecke, H. and Bock, A. (1994) Regulated expression in vitro of genes coding for formate hydrogenlyase components of Escherichia coli.J. Biol. Chem., 269, 19597-604. 

Saeki, Y., Wataya-Kaneda, M., Tanaka, K. and Kaneda, Y. (1998) Sustained transgene expression in vitro and in vivo using an Epstein-Barr virus replicon vector system combined with HVJ liposomes. Gene Then, 5, 1031-1037. 

Brodbeck WG, Nakayama Y, Matsuda T, Colton E, Ziats NP, Anderson JM. Biomaterial surface chemistry dictates adherent monocyte/macrophage cytokine expression in vitro. Cytokine 2002, 18, 311-319. 

E. A. McKie, D. I. Graham, and S. M. Brown, Selective astrocytic transgene expression in vitro and in vivo from the GFAP promoter in a HSV RL1 null mutant vector-potential glioblastoma targeting, Gene Ther. 5 440 (1998). 

Kahn, B.B. Flier, J.S. (1990). Regulation of glucose-transporter gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes Care 13,198-208. 

At present, direct evidence for the redox control of organellar gene expression, as predicted CORR, is stronger for chloroplasts than for mitochondria (Pfannschmidt et al. 1999). Redox effects on mitochondrial gene expression in vitro are largely confined, at present, to protein synthesis (Allen et al. 1995 Galvis et al. 1998). The search for a direct signalling pathway from the respiratory chain to mitochondrial DNA is likely to be an active area of future research (Allen et al. 2005 Lane 2005). 

Gokhale, PC., Soldatenkov, V, Wang, F-H., Rahman, A., Dritschilo, A., and Kasid, U.(1997) Antisense raf oligodeoxyribonucleotide is protected by liposomal encapsulation and inhibits Raf-1 protein expression in vitro and in vivo implications for gene therapy of radioresistant cancer. Gene Ther. 4, 1289-1299. 

Intact antibodies with biologically active glycosylation profiles, crucial for the effector functions, require eukaryotic expression (in vitro or in vivo). These circumstances have inspired many scientists to find effective methods for production, as well as methods for the selection of the best extraction-purification methods. 

We have studied the sequence determinants for helical hairpin formation during the insertion of a model membrane protein into the ER membrane. To simplify the problem, we engineered a 40-residue long poly(Leu) stretch into a membrane protein that inserts readily into ER-derived microsomes when expressed in vitro (Fig. 2A). Asn-X-Thr acceptor sites for N-linked glycosylation were used as topological markers, as they can only be modified when located in the... 

More recent studies have confirmed that dual activation of PPARy and PPARo subtypes would be beneficial for treating type-2 diabetes [ 139]. In this connection KRP-297, a TZD derivative has been found to express in vitro as well as in vivo affinity for both the PPARo and PPARy subtypes [152], In light of this, Desai and co-workers have investigated the PPARoj/y dual agonistic activity of a series of TZD and oxazolidinedione derivatives (comp, a. Fig. 22, Table 14) to assess their antidiabetic activity [153,154],... 

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