Ceramic Tile Adhesives

These are used to produce prepackaged products such as decorative wall coatings, ceramic tile adhesives, selfleveling floor overlays and patching mortars for concrete structures. On site, addition of the product manufacturers specified amount of water produces a material with the... 

It is important that acrylic-modified cement mortars be marketed based on their end-use for example mortars for concrete repair and for use as ceramic tile adhesives are sold as separate products. Therefore, one should not become confused that a single mortar is used for all of the above-mentioned functions. 

Construction Materials In tape joint compounds in gypsum spray plaster in ceramic tile adhesives, grouts, and mortars in cement mortars, stuccos, and plasters in concrete as wallpaper adhesive as a ceramic processing aid as a thickener for latex paint... 

In addition to the use of dry acrylic powders in cement mortars, other typical uses for these modifiers are in cement toppings, ceramic tile adhesives, ceramic tile grouts, white masonry paints and cement block fillers. It is obvious that these compounds are more convenient to use with the simple addition of water, than those compounds requiring the addition of a latex emulsion. As improvements are made in these dry powders, there will be more emphasis on this type of compound. At the present time, the dry powder acrylics are more costly than the latex emulsions on a dry solids basis. 

Table 5.4 Ceramic Tile Adhesive Using Redispersible EVA Powder. ( ...

Once a polymer dispersion or adhesive has been used in a formulated product, microbial growth can still take place either in the liquid phase, e.g. in paints and inks or, especially in high moisture environments, on dried materials after application, e.g. ceramic tile adhesives and paint films. To prevent this, biocides need to also be used in such end products, i.e. wet-state preservatives in liquid formulations and dry-film fungicides/algicides in products susceptible to such attack or infection (Ludwig, L.E., 1974 Springle, W.R., 1990 Paulus, W., 1992 ... 

The major part of the market for ceramic tile adhesives is held by formulations based on a filled polyvinyl acetate latex, but natural rubber latex is still used as a base, particularly where the adhesive is to perform under damp conditions. Formulations II and III give examples. Tile adhesives need to be stiffer than most other applications, and this effect is provided by the clay filler, which also reduces material costs and imparts gap filling properties. Cost may be further reduced by increasing the level of clay to 250 pphr, although performance will be reduced. The resin serves to improve bond strength and water resistance. 

II. Ceramic Tile Adhesive Hydrocarbon resin (60% soln in... 

The broad spectrum of adhesion displayed by acrylic adhesives make filled acrylics excellent candidates for bonding substrates made of cel-lulosics, leather, fabric, ceramic, foil, plastic, mietal, and various foams. Typical examples include panel and subflooring adhesives, decorative brick mastics, ceramic tile adhesives, carpet adhesives, floor tile adhesives, and contact adhesives. 

Ceramic Tile. Ceramic tile adhesives are highly filled adhesive mastics designed for ad-... 

The ceramic tile adhesive shown in Table 7 is suitable for formulating an adhesive to meet ANSI Type I and II specifications. One can significantly reduce cost while still meeting ANSI requirements by modifying the ratios of the same ingredients to achieve a pigment/binder ratio of 6 to 1. Likewise, repositionability and open time may be extended by incorporating a plasticizer, such as Paraplex WP-1, at a rate of 5 parts per 100 of polymer emulsion. 

Figure 21 Gap-filling effect of a ceramic tile adhesive or mortar although wall and floors are not perfectly flat the surface of tiles must be perfectly flat. The adhesive on mortar must fill the gaps between wall/floor and the back of tiles.

Phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde J Polyvinyl acetate, ceramic tile adhesive — 0 93 J 1 7 Counsell (1979)... 

Fillers, such as CaCOa or Si02, are rarely added to PSA, since they strongly reduce the tack. But flooring adhesives, ceramic tile adhesive and sealants may have filler contents from 20% to 70%. Small inorganic filler particles evenly distributed reinforce the adhesive composition and increase cohesion to a certain level. But too high filler levels will reduce the strength of the adhesive bond. Thixotropic fillers, such as Si02, reduce the sag of ceramic tile adhesives. 

Modern construction adhesives are almost emission free and very easy to apply, which has widened the Do It Yourself applications considerably. Two examples are mentioned here, floor-covering adhesives and ceramic-tile adhesives. 

Ceramic-tile adhesives are used for thin-bed applications on wall and floor, gluing tiles onto flat surfaces. Non-cementitious adhesives (mastics) are made of acrylic emulsion polymers (ca. 20%) mixed with silica sand and calcium carbonate as fillers (ca. 80%). One-component cementitious ceramic-tile adhesives are made of cement (ca. 35%), redispersible polymer powders (1-25%) and fillers, such as silica sand (Lutz Hahner, 2002). The redispersible polymer powders are made from emulsion polymers, which are spray dried. Predominantly vinyl acetate copolymers are used. 

Agr/ment, European Union, MOAT No.21 1982, Directives for the assessment of ceramic tile adhesive. 

Well defined test methods are available in North America and Europe for evaluating ceramic tile adhesives. Test methods used in Germany for emulsion-based mastics are described in DIN EN 1324 (adhesive shear strength) and DIN EN 1346 (correction or adjustment time). Cementbased CTA are tested by DIN EN 1348 (puU of strength) and again DIN EN 1346 (op>en time). Classification is determined for both types of adhesives by prDIN EN 12004. North American test methods and specifications for tile adhesives are described in the following American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards ... 

The following paragraphs will describe the most important and most developed application areas for redispersible powders as they are ceramic tile adhesives/ tile grouts, thermal insulation systems (E.I.F.S.), self-leveling underlayments, patch and repair mortars, as well as water proof membranes (sealant slurries). 

As far as the formulations for ceramic tile adhesives go there is a high variety of... 

European Norm EN 1348 addresses this issue in a heat test as well as in a freeze/ thaw test. Shear stress between substrate and tile normally concentrates in the peripheral zones of a tile. That means, the bigger the tile the higher the flexibiHty of the adhesive has to be in order to avoid cracking or delaminating of the tile. The flexibility (deformation capabihty) of a ceramic tile adhesive depends on the polymer/ce-ment ratio. It is one of the two most important ratios to be determined in a ceramic... 

The adhesion of tiles to the substrate is certainly as important for a ceramic tile adhesive as the flexibihty. The European Norm uses a pull off test to determine the adhesion, where as the US standard ANSI 118.1 - 1999 prefers the shear bond test. A simple ceramic tile mortar with no polymer modification will fail in the adhesion test especially after heat aging or over wood (ANSI 118.11 - 1999). The same mortar modified with only 2 % of redispersible powder will pass both tests. With the puD-off... 

A sufficient high polymer modification of the ceramic tile adhesive is necessary especially when non-porous, highly vitrified tiles (low to no water absorption) are used. In this case, there will be no mechanical anchoring like described earher for porous tiles. The redispersible powder (chemical bonding), in this case, only provides the adhesion. This is, besides the outhned reasons for sufficient flexibihty, another important factor for a higher polymer modification. 

A ceramic tile adhesive that performs very well over almost aU substrates, with all types of tiles (size, water absorption) should contain at least 6 % of redispersible powder and the cement content should be limited to 30 to 35 %. An adhesive formulation that considers these two important components at the right amount is very hkely to pass all international standards. However, in an adhesive formulation has more to be considered than only the polymer and cement level. 

Fig. 13-8 Adhesion of ceramic tile adhesives to different substrates.

Rubber is derived as a latex from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). The raw latex is collected and concentrated and either sold as a latex or coagulated and sold as solid for solvent dissolution. Adhesives made from natural rubber, which is essentially polyisoprene, are very tacky, and are used in pressure-sensitive applications or where long bond times and tack are required such as tapes, ceramic tile adhesives, and flooring adhesives. 

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