Carmine

Ruficoccin, CieHjoOe, is formed along with a compound of the composition C32H30O13 by heating carmine-red with sulphuric acid to 130-140° [82]. 

Ruficoccin is a brick-red powder, sparingly soluble in water and ether, easily soluble in alcohol. It dissolves in alkalies with a brown colour. On distillation with zinc powder a hydrocarbon, C,eHi2, is formed [82], 

Ruficarmine [82J forms a carmine-red powder insoluble in water, but easily soluble in alcohol. 

Carmine-red is a dibasic acid, and forms salts similar to those of carminic acid. 

Coccinin, Ci4Hi205 [80], is formed on melting carminic acid or carmine-red with potash. It forms yellow leaflets, insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and alkalies. The alkaline solution becomes oxidised on exposure to the air, the colour changing through - green to red. A solntion of coccinin in concentrated sulphuric acid gives a blue coloration on addition of manganese dioxide. 

Cochineal extract 7-D-glucopyranosyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-l-methyl-9.10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid 

Carmine is a colored pigment extracted from the female insect Coccus cacti or Dactylopius coccus, or its eggs. These insects live on prickly pear cactus in Mexico. The Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes brought the dye to Europe after seeing the Aztecs use it. 

It takes more than a million of the insects to make a pound of dye. The insects are harvested when the females are about to lay eggs, at which time they turn a bright red color. First, the shells of the female insects are dried next, the color is dissolved in a solvent and all of the 

Because carmine comes from insects, some other color must be used if a product is to be labeled kosher. 

Carmine (or cochineal) is used as a colorant in food, cosmetics, and paints. 

Chemical/Dye Class Miscellaneous, Indigoid Molecular Formula CigH8N208S2Na2 Molecular Weight 466.36 pH Range 11.5-14.0 

Physical Form Blue-purple powder Solubility Soluble in water, ethanol UV-Visible ()i 3 ) 608 nm Melting Point 250°C Synthesis Synthetic methods -  

Safety/Toxicity Toxicity to reproductive system,33 carcinogenicity,34 cytotoxicity,35 genotoxicity,36 hypotension,37 hypertension,3s mutagenicity,35 teratogenicity o 

Chowdhry, B. Z. Snowden, M. J. Withnall, R. Analysis of the conversion of indigo into indigo carmine dye using SERRS. Chem. Commun. 2004, 1436-1437. 

Kadokawa, J. Tagaya, H. Preparation of organic-inorganic layered nanohybiids by intercalation of photofunctional compounds. Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Jpn. 2001,26, 503-506. 

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The name is also given to a balsamic resin obtained from Styrax benzoin, which is carminative and mildly expectorant. 

Used medicinally as a carminative and stimulant. It is injected in olive oil solution in cases of circulatory collapse. It is a popular remedy for colds and is a constituent of many lina-ments. Camphorated oil is 20% solution in olive oil. 

Alizarin S, alizarin carmine, sodium alizarin sulfonate (indicator) dissolve 0.1 g in 100 mL water pH range yellow 3.7-5.2 violet. 

Indigo carmine, sodium indigodisulfonate (indicator) dissolve 0.25 g in 100 mL 50% alcohol pH range blue 11.6-14.0 yellow. 

Pigment Red 5 [64UM1-9] 12490 NaphtholAS (Carmine) coupling of dia2oti2ed A/A/-diethyl-4-methoxymetanilamide with 3-hydro xy-2-naphth-2/4 -dimethoxy-5 -chloto-anilide... 

Two colorimetric methods are recommended for boron analysis. One is the curcumin method, where the sample is acidified and evaporated after addition of curcumin reagent. A red product called rosocyanine remains it is dissolved in 95 wt % ethanol and measured photometrically. Nitrate concentrations >20 mg/L interfere with this method. Another colorimetric method is based upon the reaction between boron and carminic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid to form a bluish-red or blue product. Boron concentrations can also be deterrnined by atomic absorption spectroscopy with a nitrous oxide—acetjiene flame or graphite furnace. Atomic emission with an argon plasma source can also be used for boron measurement. 

C-Glycosyl compounds have a carbon atom ia place of the exocycHc oxygen atom of the acetal group and, therefore, are branched cycHc ethers. An example is the naturally occurring anthroquiaone dye, carminic acid [1260-17-9] (Cl Natural Red 4). 

FD C Blue No. 2 " (2) Indigotine Indigo Carmine Cl Food [860-22-0] 73015 nylon sutures for use in general... 

Cochineal Extract. Cochineal extract (Cl Natural Red 4, Cl No. 75470 EEC No. E 120) is the concentrated solution obtained after removing the alcohol from an aqueous-alcohoHc extract of cochineal, which is the dried bodies of the female insect Coccus cacti Dactylopius coccus costd) a variety of field louse. The coloring principle of the extract is beHeved to be carminic acid [1260-17-9] (40), an hydroxyanthraquinone linked to a glucose unit, comprising approximately 10% of cochineal and 2—4% of its extract. 

Carmine [1390-65-4] is the aluminum or calcium-aluminum lake on an aluminum hydroxide substrate of the coloring principle (again, chiefly carminic acid) obtained by the aqueous extraction of cochineal. Carmine is normally 50% or more carminic acid. 

Ger. Pat. 927,305 (May 5, 1955), F. Rath. Natural dyes like norbixki, crocetki, and carminic acid are discussed from an appHcations standpokit. 

Kermisic Acid. Many accounts claim that kermisic acid [476-35-7] (Cl Natural Red 3 Cl 75460) is the oldest dyestuff ever recorded (23). The name kermes is derived from an Armenian word meaning Httle worm for which the later Latin equivalent was vermiculus, the basis of the Knglish word Vermillion. The dye was obtained from an oriental shield louse, K. ilicis which infest the holm o5kQuercus ilex and the shmb oak. coccifera. The dye produces a brilliant scarlet color with an alum mordant. Although expensive, it was cheaper than its rival Tyrian Purple. It was in great demand until the sixteenth century when it was displaced by carminic acid. 

Although carminic acid had been known since 1818 (28), it was not obtained in a pure form until 1858 (29). The stmcture was finally estabhshed as (5) (30-33). 

Later studies (35—37) showed that the original assignment of (5) was not quite correct. The actual stmctural formula of carminic acid is (6) (38). 

Carmine [1390-65-4] is the trade name for the aluminum lake of the red anthraquinone dye carminic acid obtained from the cochineal bug. The dye is obtained from the powdery form of cochineal by extraction with hot water, the extracts treated with aluminum salts, and the dye precipitated from the solution by the addition of ethanol. This water-soluble bright red dye is used for coloring shrimp, pork sausages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. It is the only animal-derived dye approved as a colorant for foods and other products. 

Pontacyl Carmine 2G (Acid Red 1, Amido Naphthol Red G, Azophloxine, l-acetamido-8-hydroxy-7-phenylazonaphthalene-3,7-disulfonic acid di-Na salt) [3734-67-6] M 510.4, Cl 18050, X.max 532nm. Salted out three times with sodium acetate, then repeatedly extracted with EtOH. See Solochrome Violet R on p. 352 in Chapter 4. [McGrew and Schneider 7 Am Chem Soc 72 2547 1950.]... 

Carminic acid (7-a-D-glucopyranosyl-9,10-dihydro-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-l-methyl-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracene carboxylic acid. Neutral Red 4 Cl 75470) [1260-17-9] M 492.4, m... 

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