Carmine, Cochineal

Carminic acid and carmine, cochineal E 120 Yes Female cochineal insect orange to red, pink to red ... 

Schweppe, H. and R. Runge (1986), Carmine Cochineal carmine and kermes, in Feller, R. E. (ed.), Artists Pigments, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, pp. 225-283. 

Carmine Cochineal insect Strawberry red, E120 Excellent Excellent... 

Carmine (cochineal extract) Turmeric (curcuma) Crocetin, crocin... 

Both carmine and cochineal extract are made from the dried female insect, Dactylopius coccus costa, commonly known as cochineal. The cochineal live on specific cacti and the main prodnction is in Pern, bnt cochineal are also produced in Chile, Bolivia and the Canary Islands. There are nsnally two harvests per year, where the cochineal are removed mannally with snitable tools from leaves of the cacti. Following harvest the insects are snn dried before further processing. The cochineal insects are extracted nsing an aqueous alkaline solution. The resnlting cochineal extract can either be formulated to different cochineal products in powder or liquid form or further processed to carmine. Cochineal products are water-soluble and orange in low pH applications. The colour intensity is relatively low. 

Indigo carmine, cochineal amaranth, orange yellow, and tartrazine Fluorescein in erythrosine... 

Carmine Cochineal carminic acid, a Kermes— Kermes—one of the oldest... 

Fig. 1.3 Fringed cape dyed with carmine cochineal from Patacas necropolis, Peru— Geometric cats embroidered on plain weave wool. Photograph by M.V. Oma...

Schweppe H, Roosen-Runge H (1986) Carmine—cochineal carmine and kermes carmine. In Feller RL (ed) Artists pigments a handbook of their history and characteristics, vol 1. National Gallery of Art, Washington, pp 255-283... 

Cochineal Extract. Cochineal extract (Cl Natural Red 4, Cl No. 75470 EEC No. E 120) is the concentrated solution obtained after removing the alcohol from an aqueous-alcohoHc extract of cochineal, which is the dried bodies of the female insect Coccus cacti Dactylopius coccus costd) a variety of field louse. The coloring principle of the extract is beHeved to be carminic acid [1260-17-9] (40), an hydroxyanthraquinone linked to a glucose unit, comprising approximately 10% of cochineal and 2—4% of its extract. 

Carmine [1390-65-4] is the aluminum or calcium-aluminum lake on an aluminum hydroxide substrate of the coloring principle (again, chiefly carminic acid) obtained by the aqueous extraction of cochineal. Carmine is normally 50% or more carminic acid. 

Carmine [1390-65-4] is the trade name for the aluminum lake of the red anthraquinone dye carminic acid obtained from the cochineal bug. The dye is obtained from the powdery form of cochineal by extraction with hot water, the extracts treated with aluminum salts, and the dye precipitated from the solution by the addition of ethanol. This water-soluble bright red dye is used for coloring shrimp, pork sausages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. It is the only animal-derived dye approved as a colorant for foods and other products. 

Carmine (or cochineal) is used as a colorant in food, cosmetics, and paints. 

The same resin was used for the purification via downstream processing of carminic acid, the natural colorant extracted from cochineal. By a direct adsorption method, a crude extract was applied on the polymeric bed gel and the adsorption kinetics studied using elution with hydrochloric acid and ethanol. The desorbed pure carminic acid concentrated under vacuum yielded a final product that complied with Codex Alimentarius requirements and FAO/OMS norms. 

Cabrera, R. and Fernandez Lahore, H.M., Downstream processing of carminic acid from raw cochineal, in Proceedings of 4th International Congress on Pigments in Food, Hohenheim, Germany, Carle, R. et al., Eds., Shaker Verlag, Aachen, 2006, 203. 

Cochineals contain several compounds with antraquinonic structures the most important is carminic acid. An nncommon chemical featnre of carminic acid and its derivatives is the presence of a C-glncosidic bond (Fignre 5.2.2). 

Carminic acid is a water-solnble componnd, stable nnder conditions of light and heat. It shows a maximnm absorption at 518 mn in aqneous ammonia solutions and at 494 mn in dilnted hydrochloric acid. ° The cochineal color is-pH sensitive. In... 

Cochineal pigments are extracted from dried bodies of female insects with water or with ethanol the result is a red solution that is concentrated in order to obtain the 2 to 5% carminic acid concentration customary for commercial cochineal. For carmine lakes, the minimum content of carminic acid is 50%. An industrial procedure applied in Spain uses ammonium hydroxide as the extracting agent and phosphoric acid as the acidifying agent. For analytical purposes the extraction is carried out with 2 N HCl at 100°C. The chemical synthesis of carminic acid has also been reported and is the subject of European and United States patents. ... 

Cochineal, carminic acid, and carmines are approved as food colorants in the EU under code E 120, and their purity criteria are regulated.The amount of E 120 permitted in food ranges from 50 to 500 mg/kg. Carminic acid and carmine are considered very good food colorants due to their high stability and tinctorial properties. Solutions of carminic acid are yellow to orange, while carmines show various stable brilliant red hues. - ... 

In the US, cochineal derivatives are permitted in amounts ranging from 0.05 to 1.0%. The JECEA considered acceptable a total ADI of 0 to 5 mg/kg of body weight for carmines as ammonium, calcium, potassium, or sodium salts. Some... 

AUevi, P et al.. Synthesis of carminic acid, the colourant principle of cochineal, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 1, 575, 1998. 

Analysis of Quinones from Cochineal Insects Carmine and... 

ANALYSIS OF QUINONES FROM COCHINEAL INSECTS CARMINE AND CARMINIC ACID... 

Carmine extracted from cochineal insects is one of the most used natural colorings for beverages and other foods. Some representative articles refer to isolation and spectrometric analysis or the use of HPLC or capillary electrophoresis (CE) to separate and characterize all cochineal pigments. Its active ingredient, carminic acid, was quantified by rapid HPLC-DAD or fluorescence spectrometry. Carminic acid, used as an additive in milk beverages, was separated within 9 min using a high-efficiency CE separation at pH 10.0 after a previous polyamide column solid phase extraction (SPE), ... 

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