Colorants carmine

In examining these samples, we found evidence of indigo and a red dye in several samples, and the same red dye was found in other fibers. A search of our files of modern dyes showed this to be similar to the modem food colorant. Carmine Cl Natural Red 4, which is obtained from the cochineal insect Dactylopius cacti (formerly called Coccus cacti). Since it is believed that cochineal was known to the Precolumbian Peruvians, we made the comparison, and the curves are shown in Figure 5. Later, we found that William J. Young of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston had found cochineal in Nazca textiles (12). 

Flame color Carmine Yellow Violet Bluish red Blue... 

Cochineal Extract. Cochineal extract (Cl Natural Red 4, Cl No. 75470 EEC No. E 120) is the concentrated solution obtained after removing the alcohol from an aqueous-alcohoHc extract of cochineal, which is the dried bodies of the female insect Coccus cacti Dactylopius coccus costd) a variety of field louse. The coloring principle of the extract is beHeved to be carminic acid [1260-17-9] (40), an hydroxyanthraquinone linked to a glucose unit, comprising approximately 10% of cochineal and 2—4% of its extract. 

Carmine [1390-65-4] is the aluminum or calcium-aluminum lake on an aluminum hydroxide substrate of the coloring principle (again, chiefly carminic acid) obtained by the aqueous extraction of cochineal. Carmine is normally 50% or more carminic acid. 

Kermisic Acid. Many accounts claim that kermisic acid [476-35-7] (Cl Natural Red 3 Cl 75460) is the oldest dyestuff ever recorded (23). The name kermes is derived from an Armenian word meaning Httle worm for which the later Latin equivalent was vermiculus, the basis of the Knglish word Vermillion. The dye was obtained from an oriental shield louse, K. ilicis which infest the holm o5kQuercus ilex and the shmb oak. coccifera. The dye produces a brilliant scarlet color with an alum mordant. Although expensive, it was cheaper than its rival Tyrian Purple. It was in great demand until the sixteenth century when it was displaced by carminic acid. 

Carmine [1390-65-4] is the trade name for the aluminum lake of the red anthraquinone dye carminic acid obtained from the cochineal bug. The dye is obtained from the powdery form of cochineal by extraction with hot water, the extracts treated with aluminum salts, and the dye precipitated from the solution by the addition of ethanol. This water-soluble bright red dye is used for coloring shrimp, pork sausages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. It is the only animal-derived dye approved as a colorant for foods and other products. 

Carmine is a colored pigment extracted from the female insect Coccus cacti or Dactylopius coccus, or its eggs. These insects live on prickly pear cactus in Mexico. The Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes brought the dye to Europe after seeing the Aztecs use it. 

Because carmine comes from insects, some other color must be used if a product is to be labeled kosher. 

Carmine (or cochineal) is used as a colorant in food, cosmetics, and paints. 

Penicilium oxalicum var. Armeniaca CCM 8242 strain produces an anthaquinone-type pigment related to carmine and patented as Arpink Red. The pigment is produced during batch submerse cultivation, harvested, and purified. It is presently under evaluation by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) for use as a food colorant. ... 

The same resin was used for the purification via downstream processing of carminic acid, the natural colorant extracted from cochineal. By a direct adsorption method, a crude extract was applied on the polymeric bed gel and the adsorption kinetics studied using elution with hydrochloric acid and ethanol. The desorbed pure carminic acid concentrated under vacuum yielded a final product that complied with Codex Alimentarius requirements and FAO/OMS norms. 

Carminic acid is a water-solnble componnd, stable nnder conditions of light and heat. It shows a maximnm absorption at 518 mn in aqneous ammonia solutions and at 494 mn in dilnted hydrochloric acid. ° The cochineal color is-pH sensitive. In... 

Cochineal, carminic acid, and carmines are approved as food colorants in the EU under code E 120, and their purity criteria are regulated.The amount of E 120 permitted in food ranges from 50 to 500 mg/kg. Carminic acid and carmine are considered very good food colorants due to their high stability and tinctorial properties. Solutions of carminic acid are yellow to orange, while carmines show various stable brilliant red hues. - ... 

Carmine extracted from cochineal insects is one of the most used natural colorings for beverages and other foods. Some representative articles refer to isolation and spectrometric analysis or the use of HPLC or capillary electrophoresis (CE) to separate and characterize all cochineal pigments. Its active ingredient, carminic acid, was quantified by rapid HPLC-DAD or fluorescence spectrometry. Carminic acid, used as an additive in milk beverages, was separated within 9 min using a high-efficiency CE separation at pH 10.0 after a previous polyamide column solid phase extraction (SPE), ... 

Samples with higher protein levels (yogurts), are initially treated with hydrochloric acid and after protein precipitation the supernatant is filtered and injected into the HPLC column. The separations performed with a LiChroCART RP18 column used a mixture of acetonitrile and formic acid as the mobile phase. A baseline quantification of the carminic acid was possible in the presence of other coloring agents, with excellent recuperation, selectivity, accuracy, and precision. ... 

A systematic study was carried out using in parallel 50 standard solutions for each concentration of three natural colorants (curcumin, carminic acid, and caramel as yellow, red, and brown, respectively). No false positive results for synthetics were obtained up to concentrations of 15 and 20 ng/ml for natural red and yellow colorants, respectively, or 110 ng/ml for natural brown colorant. The concentrations have to be high enough to prove that the screening method is able to accurately discriminate natural and synthetic colorants. To make a clear interpretation of the quantitative UV-Vis spectrum, linear regression analysis was used. Quantitative UV-Vis analysis of a dye ° can be calculated according to the following formula ... 

Lithol Rubine BK (E 180, Cl Pigment Red, Rubin Pigment, Carmine 6B) is a mono azo dye, chemical name calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatopheny-lazo)-2-naphthalenecarboxylate. It is a red powder, slightly soluble in hot water (90°C), insoluble in cold water, insoluble in ethanol. The absorption maximum is 442 mn in dimethylformamide with Ej. = 200. It is not permitted in the US and is restricted to cheese coloring in the EU. "... 

These pigments are obtained by coupling substituted aryl diazonium salts with ary-lides of 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid (2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid anilide = Naph-tol AS). They provide a broad range of colors from yellowish and medium red to bordeaux, carmine, brown, and violet their solvent fastness and migration resistance are only marginal. Naphthol AS pigments are used mainly in printing inks and paints. 

P.R.150 is of limited regional significance. Depending on the area of application and on the reduction ratio, the pigment affords shades from bluish purple to carmine. P.R.150 is used in textile printing. In PVC coloration, which used to be its main market, it has been superseded by other products. 

P.R.151, a barium lake, being produced in Japan, affords a bluish red color, which may be referred to as carmine. Of medium tinctorial strength, the pigment is used primarily in plastics. 

The appreciation of color and the use of colorants dates back to antiquity. The art of making colored candy is shown in paintings in Egyptian tombs as far back as 1500 bc. Pliny the Elder described the use of artificial colorants in wine in 1500 bc. Spices and condiments were colored at least 500 years ago. The use of colorants in cosmetics is better documented than colorants in foods. Archaeologists have pointed out that Egyptian women used green copper ores as eye shadow as early as 5000 bc. Henna was used to redden hair and feet, carmine to redden lips, faces were colored yellow with saffron and kohl, an arsenic compound, was used to darken eyebrows. More recently, in Britain, in the twelfth century, sugar was colored red with kermes and madder and purple with Tyrian purple. 

Cochineal extract is obtained from the bodies of the female cochineal insects, particularly Dactylopius coccus Costa, by treating the dried bodies with ethanol. After removal of the solvent, the dried residue contains about 2-4% carminic acid, the main colored component. The cochineal insects grow on cactus and,... 

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