Cancer colon tumors

Despite recent developments, effectiveness of chemotherapy is still rather limited for most types of cancer, including tumors of the colon, lung, kidney, pancreas, and liver. Why some cancers respond better than others may be explained by factors relating to the anatomy and physiology of the cancer-ridden organ or... 

PERRIN F, PERRIN P, CHAMP M, BORNE, F, MEFLAH K, MENANTEAU J (1997) Short-chain frUCtO-oligosaccharides rednce the occurrence of colon tumor and develop gut-associated lymphoid tissue in Min mice. Cancer Res. 57 225-8. 

Although often treated similarly to colon cancer, there are some important differences in the treatment of rectal cancer compared with colon cancer, especially in the adjuvant setting and the role of radiation. Rectal cancer involves tumors found in distal 15 cm of the large bowel and, as such, is very distinct from colon cancer in that it may recur both locally and dis-tally. The higher incidence of local failure and poorer overall... 

Human carcinoembryonic antigen Mouse/human chimeric IgGl antibody (cT84.66) Antibody - mediated cancer therapy (colon cancer, breast cancer and tumor with epithelial origin) N. tabacum cv petit Havana SRI (Transient expression) 35S MSP + 1 mg/kg FLW 42... 

Chen MF, Chen LiT and Boyce HW, Jr. 1995. Cruciferous vegetables and glutathione their effects on colon mucosal glutathione level and colon tumor development in rats induced by DMH. Nutr Cancer 23(1) 77—83. 

Raicht RF, Cohen BI, Fazzini EP, Sarwal AN and Takahashi M. 1980. Protective effect of plant sterols against chemically induced colon tumors in rats. Cancer Res 40 403—405. 

The other well-known member of this superfamily is CEA or carcinoem-bryonic antigen. CEA is a widely used tumor marker, especially for monitoring patients with diagnosed colorectal cancer (M5). It is a high-molecular-weight (Afr 200,000, approximately) glycoprotein containing about 60% carbohydrate. In normal colonic cells and in well-differentiated colon carcinomas, the distribution of CEA is apical. However, in undifferentiated colonic tumors, CEA is present on all of the cell membrane (J3). Whether this altered subcellular localization of CEA mediates cancer spread is presently unclear. 

There is a school of thought, which believes that HMTases are tumor suppressors especially the lysine methyltransferases because of the loss of SET domain proteins in tumor conditions, exceptions do exist like Ezh2. The well-known example of the above is RIZl, which interacts with Rb protein (again the same tumor suppressor). RIZ-1 is in chromosome lp36 region, which is commonly deleted, in more than a dozen different types of human cancers. Riz-1 expression is commonly silenced in many tumors including breast cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, neuroblastoma, melanoma, lung cancer and osteosarcoma (Kim et al, 2003). 

Colbern GT, Dykes DJ, Engbers C, et al. Encapsulation of the topoisomerase I inhibitor GL147211C in pegylated (STEALTH) liposomes pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity in HT29 colon tumor xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 1998 4 3077. 

Phan SC, Morotomi M, Guillem JG, LoGerfo P, Weinstein IB (1991) Decreased levels of 1,2-sn-diacylglycerol in human colon tumors. Cancer Res 51 1571-1573 Piovesan B, Pennell N, Berinstein NL (1998) Human lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing mutant p53 exhibit decreased sensitivity to cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Oncogene 17 2339-2350... 

Selective COX-2 inhibitors have also been shown to prevent early and late forms of colorectal neoplasia in rat models. Reddy et al. showed that administration of celecoxib inhibited aberrant colonic crypt foci (ACF) induction and multiplicity by about 40-49% in an azoxymethane-induced ACF rat model (81). Later the same investigators also showed that dietary administration of celecoxib can inhibit both the incidence and multiplicity of colon tumors by about 93 % and 97 %, respectively in the same rat model (82). Other researchers reported similar results with the Min mouse model (52). There is little data on human clinical trials with selective COX-2 inhibitors for colorectal tumor prevention. Recently Steinbach et al. conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 77 patients with FAP, and reported that treatment with celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, for 6 mo led to a significant reduction (28%) in the number of colorectal polyps in these patients (50). Collectively, COX-2 nonspecific or specific NSAIDs appear to have chemopreventive activity against colorectal cancer development. Selective... 

Systemic administration of colonic carcinogois yields the entire spectrum of changes seen in human colon cancer, including abnormal crypt architecture with disrupted proliferation, papillary and adenomatous polyps, carcinoma in situ, and adenocarcinoma (Thumherr et al., 1973). The distal colon is affected with the greatest frequency, and squamous cell canc of the anus is also produced. Dietary fat enhances the production of colonic tumors (Nigro et al., 1975), perhaps by increasing bile flow (Narisawa et al., 1974). 

Deschner, E.E., Long, EC. Hakissian, M. (1988) Susceptibility to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic tumors and epithelial cell proliferation characteristics of FI, F2, and reciprocal backcrosses derived from SWR/J and AKR/J parental mouse strains. Cancer, 61, 478-482... 

Klurfeld, D.M., Weber, M.M. Kritchevsky, D. (1987) Inhibition of chemically induced mammary and colon tumor promotion by caloric restriction in rats fed increased dietary fat. Cancer Res., 47, 2759-2762... 

Nauss, K.M., Locniskar. M., Pavlina, T. Newbeme, PM. (1984) Morphology and distribution of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride-induced colon tumors and their relationship to gut-associated lymphoid tissue in the rat. J. natl Cancer Inst., 73, 915-924... 

Newaz, S.N., Fang, W.-F. Strobel, H.W. (1983) Metabolism of the carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by isolated human colon microsomes and human colon tumor cells in culture. Cancer, 52, 794-798... 

Pollard, M. Zedeck, M.S. (1978) Induction of colon tumors in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-resistant Lobund Wistar rats by methylazoxymethanol acetate. J. natl Cancer Inst., 61. 493-494 Pozharisski, K.M., Kapustin, Y.M., Likhachev, A.J. Shaposhnikov, J.D. (1975) The mechanism... 

Schiller, C.M., Curley, W.H. McConnell, E.E. (1980) Induction of colon tumors by a single oral dose of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Cancer Lett., 11, 75-79... 

Data from the NCI human tumor cell panel including leukemia, non-small-cell lung cancer, colon cancer, CNS cancer, and others. 

Mahyar-Roemer M, Katsen A, Mestres P, Roemer K. 2001. Resveratrol induces colon tumor cell apoptosis independently of p53 and precede by epithelial differentiation, mitochondrial proliferation and membrane potential collapse. Int J Cancer 94 615-622. 

Dwivedi, C., Natarajan, K., and Matthees, D. 2005. Chemopreventive effects of dietary flaxseed oil on colon tumor development. Nutr. Cancer. 51, 52-58. 

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