Vegetables, cruciferous

Xanthan gum is a slimy gel produced by the bacterium Xan-thomonas campestris, which causes black rot on cruciferous vegetables, such as cauliflower and broccoli. The slime protects the bacterium from viruses and prevents it from drying out. 

SHAPIRO T A, FAHEY J W, WADE K L, STEPHENSON K K and TALALAY P (1998) HlUnan metabolism and excretion of cancer chemoprotective glucosinolates and isothiocyanates of cruciferous vegetables . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 7 1091-1100. 

NHO c w and JEFFERY E (2001) The synergistic upregulation of phase II detoxification enzymes by glucosinolate breakdown products in cruciferous vegetables , Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 174 146-52. 

NASTRUZZI C, CORTESI R, ESPOSITO E, MENEGATTI E, LEONI O, lORI R and PALMIERI S (2000) In vitro antiproliferative activity of isothiocyanates and nitriles generated hy myrosinase-mediated hydrolysis of glucosinolates from seeds of cruciferous vegetables , JAgric Food Chem, 48 3572-5. 

LAMPE J w, PETERSON s (2002) Brassica, biotransformation and cancer risk genetic polymorphisms alter the preventive effects of cruciferous vegetables. J Nutr. 132 2991-4. 

Bonnesen C, Eggleston I M and Hayes J D (2001), Dietary indoles and isothiocyanates that are generated from cruciferous vegetables can both stimulate apoptosis and confer protection against DNA damage in human colon cell lines , Cancer Rese, 61, 6120-6130. 

A study that interviewed 13,388 women living in 11 US states over a period of 10-16 years (Kang and others 2005) showed that baseline cognitive performance was stronger in women who reported the highest intake of cruciferous vegetables compared to those with lower intake. 

Chen MF, Chen LiT and Boyce HW, Jr. 1995. Cruciferous vegetables and glutathione their effects on colon mucosal glutathione level and colon tumor development in rats induced by DMH. Nutr Cancer 23(1) 77—83. 

Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Liu Y, Stampfer MJ and Willett WC. 2003. A prospective study of cruciferous vegetables and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidimiol Biomarkers Prev 12(12) 1403-1409. 

Johnston CS, Taylor CA and Hampl JS. 2000. More Americans are eating 5 a day but intakes of dark green and cruciferous vegetables remain low. J Nutr 130(12) 3063—3067. 

Plumb GW, Lamer N, Chambers SJ, Wanigatunga S, Heany RK, Plumb JA, Aruoma OI, Halhwell B, Miller NJ and Wilhamson G. 1996a. Are whole extracts and purified glucosinolates from cruciferous vegetables antioxidants Free Rad Res 25 75-86. 

Carlson DG, Daxenbichler ME, Van Etten CH, et al. 1987. Glucosinolates in Cruciferous vegetables broccoli, sprouts, cauliflower, collards, kale, mustard greens, and kohlrabi. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 112(1) 173-178. 

Apart from activators and inhibitors which bind to the active site of HDACs, there are also compounds which modulate the HDAC expression level in human body. One notable example is 3,3 -diindollylmethane (DIM, Fig. 23). DIM is an anti-carcinogenic compound mainly available in cruciferous vegetables with genus Brassica, like cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, collard green etc. 

Substrates Inhibitors Inducers CYP1A2 Acetaminophen, caffeine, clozapine, imipramine, theophylline, propranolol Most fluoroquinolone antibiotics, fluvoxamine, cimetidine Tobacco smoking, charcoal-broiled foods, cruciferous vegetables, omeprazole... 

Lee SA, Fowke JH, Lu W et al (2008) Cruciferous vegetables, the GSTPl Ilel05Val genetic polymorphism, and breast cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 87 753-760... 

Isothiocyanates are sulphur- and nitrogen-containing phytochemicals with the general formula R-NSC, e.g. phenylethyl isothiocyanate 199, 3-phenylpropyl isothiocyanate 200 and benzyl isothiocyanate 201 (Structure 4.58). Isothiocyanates occur naturally as glucosinolate conjugates mainly in cruciferous vegetables. Isothiocyanates are also responsible for the typical flavour of these vegetables [1-4,21-23, 25, 54]. 

Isothiocyanates can be found in cruciferous vegetables such as mustard, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, turnips, collards, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, radish. 

A2 Acetaminophen, antipyrine, caffeine, clomipramine, phenacetin, tacrine, tamoxifen, theophylline, warfarin Smoking, charcoal-broiled foods, cruciferous vegetables, omeprazole Galangin, furafylline, fluvoxamine... 

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