Human isolation

Until a few years ago, fluoroquinolones were the drug of choice for campylobacteriosis. However, a major problem among Campylobacter strains is growing resistance, occurring worldwide. Fluoroquinolone resistance in human isolates of C. jejuni in the United States occurs at a rate of 18%, and resistance levels in Barcelona and Thailand are over 80%. Fluoroquinolones should not be used unless susceptibility is confirmed. 

Bohyn, M., Berkenboom, G., Fontaine, J., Effect of nitrate tolerance and dipyridamole on the response to SINj in human isolated saphenous vein. Cardiovasc. Drugs. Then 5 (1991), p. 457-462... 

S. aureus is divided into six biotypes, based on its presence in humans and animals (Devriese, 1984 Hennekinne et ah, 2003). The most frequent SEs are produced by a biotype A (human isolates of S. aureus) followed by a biotype C (isolated from cases of bovine and ovine mastitis). SEs may be also produced by S. intermedius and S. hicus (biotype E). Strains of poultry-like avian biotype (frequent among nasal carriers, e.g., food-industry workers) do not produce SEs (Isigidi et ah, 1992). SEs are not destroyed by heating at 100°C for 30 minutes - this is the most important aspect of their potential occurrence in food products. 

C. jejuni invade and become established in epithelial cells of the lower intestine whereupon a cholera-like toxin is secreted. The main symptom associated with the disease is perfuse diarrhea that can last between 2 and 14 days although is rarely life threatening. There has been an increase in the recovery of antibiotic-resistant C. jejuni from human isolates although not from animals (Pumbwe and Piddock, 2004). 

Antibodies and derivatives Tetnus immune globulin (human), isolated from solubilized Cohn Fraction II BayTet 250 U vial or syringe IM (deep) NA... 

Tetnus immune globulin (human), isolated from solubilized Cohn fraction II... 

Garcha RS, Hughes AD CNP, but not ANP or BNP, relax human isolated subcutaneous resistance arteries by an action involving cyclic GMP and BKCa channels. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2006 7 87. [PMID 17083062]... 

Pino R, Cerbai E, Calamai G, et al. Effect of 5-HT4 receptor stimulation on the pacemaker current 1(f) in human isolated atrial myocytes. Cardiovasc Res 1998 40 516-522. 

Functional studies in human isolated bronchi showed that fenspiride causes a shift to the left of concentration effect curves for relaxation induced by isoprenaline and... 

Hedlund P, Holmquist F, Hedlund H, Andersson KE. Effects of nicorandil on human isolated corpus cavernosum and cavernous artery. J Urol 1994 151(4) 1107-13. 

Resistance of E. coli isolates from chicken in Saudia Arabia was 96% compared with 71% among human isolates (11). Serotyping showed an overlap between human and chicken strains, suggesting that these animals may serve as a resistance pool for humans. 

Transformed primary human Isolation of transformation- Graham et al. 

Naline, E., Devillier, P., Drapeau, G. etal. (1989). Characterization of neurokinin effects and receptor selectivity in human isolated bronchi. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140, 679-686. 

Norel, X., Labat, C., Gardiner, P.J. and Brink, C. (1991). Inhibitory effects of BAY u3405 on prostanoid-induced contractions in human isolated bronchial and pulmonary arterial muscle preparations. Br. J. Pharmacol. 104, 591-593. 

Omari, T.I., Sparrow, M.P. and Mitchell, H.W. (1993b). Responsiveness of human isolated bronchial segments and its relationship to epithelial loss. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 35, 357-365. 

G02A D Prostaglandins About 15 prostaglandins have been isolated from animal and humans (isolated from sperm), where they are biosynthetised from linoleic acid (from food) via arachidonic acid and a cyclic endoperoxide (from which prostacyclin and thromboxane are also formed). There are four series of prostaglandins based on the substitution pattern in the cyclopentane ring... 

Thrombosis. Heparin was the first polysaccharide-based drug to find widespread application in humans. Isolated from mammalian tissues as a complex mixture of glycosami-... 

Niu, Y. D., Johnson, R. P., Xu, Y., McAllister, T. A., Sharma, R., Louie, M., and Stanford, K. (2009a). Host range and lytic capability of four bacteriophages against bovine and clinical human isolates of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli 0157 H7. /. Appl. Microbiol. 107, 646-656. 

Theophylline effectively relaxes airway smooth muscle this bronchodilation likely contributes to its acute therapeutic efficacy in asthma. Both adenosine receptor antagonism and PDE inhibition are likely involved in the bronchodilating effect of theophylline. Inhibition of PDE4 and PDE5 effectively relaxes human isolated bronchial smooth muscle, and inhibition of these PDEs likely contributes to the bronchodilating effect of theophylline. Studies with the related methylxanthine enprofylline (3-propylxanthine), which has been investigated extensively for treatment of asthma in Europe, also support a mechanistic role for PDE inhibition in the bronchodilator actions of theophylline. 

Neuropeptide y (NPy), DAGHGQISHK RHKTDSFVGL Ma, a member of the mammalian tachykinins. NPy is encoded on the prepro-tachykinin gene TACl. The differential inclusion or exclusion of exon 4 into y and fiTACl allows the formation of two extended NKA peptides, either NPy or neuropeptide K. NPy was discovered in an extract of the rabbit intestinal tract. It corresponds to y-prepro-tachykinin-(72-92). NPy has been reported to be the most potent contractile tachykinin in human isolated bronchus, acting through a non-classical NK2 receptor [R. Kage et al., J. Neurochem. 1988, 50, 1412 E. Burcher et al.. Neuropeptides 1991, 20, 79]. 

Amadesi S, Moreau J, Tognetto M, et al. (2001) NKl receptor stimulation causes contraction and inositol phosphate increase in medium-size human isolated bronchi. Am J Respir Ciit Care Med 163 1206-1211... 

Cross, S.E., Anderson, C., and Roberts, M.S., Topical penetration of commercial salicylate esters and salts using human isolated skin and clinical microdialysis studies, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1998, 46, 29-35. 

Adoption of PDCAAS allows evaluation of food protein quality based on the needs of humans. Isolated soy protein such as Solae , with a PDCAAS of 1.0, is a complete protein and has the same score as milk protein and egg white. 

Kirby MJ, Turner P. Effect of amphetamine, fenfluramine and norfenfluramine on glucose uptake into human isolated skeletal muscle. BrJ Clin Pharmacol 974) 1, 340P-341P. 

Mange, A.P. 1964. Growth and inbreeding of a human isolate. Human Biol. 36, 104—133. 

Martin, A.O. 1970. The founder effect in a human isolate Evolutionary implications. Am. J. Phys. Anthropology 32, 351-368. 

---