Biomarkers cancer

Although in vitro models clearly show that MDR transporters can protect tumor cells, their relevance in clinical oncology remains controver sial. As is the case for most potentially useful cancer biomarkers, no universally embraced guidelines for analytical or clinical validation of MDR transporters exist. Evidence linking ABCB1 Pgp/MDRl expression with poor clinical outcome is most conclusive for breast cancer, sarcoma, and certain types of leukemia. The relevance of the other MDR transporters in clinical MDR is still unclear. The prognostic implication of ABCCl/ MRPl remains controversial and very little is known clinically about ABCG2. 

Wright, G. L., Cazares, L. H., Leung, S.-M., Nasim, S., Adam, B.-L., Yip, T.-T., Schellhammer, P. F., Gong, L., and Vlahou, A. (2000). ProteinChip surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) mass spectrometry a novel protein biochip technology for detection of prostate cancer biomarkers in complex protein mixtures. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 2, 264-276. 

Identification and validation of biomarkers predictive of disease, particularly cancer, is a significant and expanding area in clinical research. Quality cancer biomarkers should facilitate early detection and diagnosis of the disease, with more specific markers used for classification (such as grade/stage) or subtype determination of the... 

Hwang SI, Thumar J, Lundgren DH, et al. Direct cancer tissue proteomics a method to identify candidate cancer biomarkers from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival tissues. Oncogene 2006 26 65-76. 

In 2004, Melle et al.12 proposed a technical triad of microdissection, pro-teomic techniques, and IHC that provides an integrated approach for characterization of cancer biomarkers. In recent years, a growing body of literature pertaining to this combined approach has accumulated. Table 22.1 shows a few selected examples under this topic. 

Melle C, Ernst G, Schimmel B, et al. A technical triade for proteomic identification and characterization of cancer biomarkers. Cancer Res. 2004 64 4099-4104. 

Hernandez, J. Thompson, I. M., Prostate specific antigen A review of the validation of the most commonly used cancer biomarker, Cancer 2004, 101, 894 904... 

Mahmoud H. Hamdan Cancer Biomarkers Analytical Techniques for Discovery Chabbil Dass Fundamentals of Contemporary Mass Spectrometry Kevin M. Downard (Editor) Mass Spectrometry of Protein Interactions... 

Yu X, Munge B, Patel V, Jensen G, Bhirde A, Gong JD, Kim SN, Gillespie J, Gutkind JS, Papadimitrakopoulos F, Rusling JF (2006) Carbon nanotube amplification strategies for highly sensitive immunodetection of cancer biomarkers. J Am Chem Soc 128 11199-11205. 

Lerner, M.B., et al., Hybrids of a genetically engineered antibody and a carbon nanotube transistor for detection of prostate cancer biomarkers. ACS Nano, 2012. 6(6) p. 5143-5149. 

Sorensen KD, Orntoft TF (2010) Discovery of prostate cancer biomarkers by microarray gene expression profiling. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 10 49-64... 

Jo WS, Carethers JM. Chemotherapeutic implications in microsatellite unstable colorectal cancer. Cancer Biomark 2006 2 51 -60. 

Dalton WS, Friend SH. Cancer biomarkers an invitation to the table. Science 2006 312 1165-1168. Von HoffDD, Penny RS, Shack S et al. Frequency of potential therapeutic targets identified by im-munohistochemistry (IHC) and DNA microarray (DMA) in tumors from patients who have progressed on multiple therapeutic agents. JClin Oncol 2006 24 18S. 

Gutman S, Kessler LG. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration perspective on cancer biomarker development. Nat Rev Cancer 2006 6 565-571. 

The association of kallikreins with cancer is well established. PSA (hK3) and, more recently, human glandular kallikrein (hK2) are useful biomarkers for prostate cancer. A more detailed discussion about hK2 and hK3 as cancer biomarkers can be found elsewhere [31]. In addition to its established role in prostate cancer diagnosis and monitoring, recent reports indicate that hK3 can be useful as a marker for breast cancer prognosis [215],... 

In Tables 5-8, we summarize published data on the analysis of kallikrein genes and proteins in tumor tissue extracts and serum of cancer patients for the purpose of disease diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis. As discussed below, some kallikreins are very promising new cancer biomarkers. 

Diamandis EP, Yousef GM. Human tissue kallikreins A family of new cancer biomarkers. Clin Chem 2002 48 1198-1205. 

Yousef GM, Diamandis EP. Expanded human tissue kallikrein family—a novel panel of cancer biomarkers. Tumour Biol 2002 23 185-192. 

Dong Y, Kaushal A, Brattsand M, Nicklin J, Clements JA. Differential splicing of KLK5 and KLK7 in epithelial ovarian cancer produces novel variants with potential as cancer biomarkers. Clin Cancer Res 2003 9 1710-1720. 

Srinivas PR, Verma M, Zhao Y, Srivastava S. Proteomics for cancer biomarker discovery. Clin Chem 2002 48(8) 1160—1169. 

Roth, M.J. et al., High urine 1-hydroxpyrene glucuronide concentrations in Linxian, China, an area of high risk for squamous esophageal cancer, Biomarkers, 6, 381-386, 2001. 

Krieg RC, Paweletz CP, Liotta LA, Petricoin EF 3rd. Clinical proteomics for cancer biomarker discovery and therapeutic targeting. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2002 1 263-272. 

Over the recent years, proteomic technologies evolved rapidly and now offer new perspectives in discovery of new cancer biomarkers based on the detection of low molecular weight proteins or peptides by MS. Two main peptidomic approaches are currently under investigation. These include pattern recognition and single/oligo biomarker detection. 

The use of proteomics in prostate cancer, the most common cancer in men, was reviewed [94]. In vitro studies on prostate cell lines provided positive proof-of-principle results in the identification of novel biomarker when proteomics was utilized to query prostate tissue specimens. 2D-PAGE followed by MS was used to investigate protein profiles in voided urine after prostatic massage in patients with prostate cancer or with benign prostatic hyperplasia [95]. In this study, a potential novel cancer biomarker, calgranulin B/MRP-14, was identified. In another study, agarose 2D-gel... 

Concerns remain about SELDI-TOF technology because of the lack of sequences and consequently of a biological hypothesis, the discrepancy between the sensitivity of SELDI-MS compared to the concentration of known cancer biomarkers, and possible bioinformatics overfitting of MS data,... 

Alexander H, Stegner AL, Wagner-Mann C, Du Bois GC, Alexander S, Sauter ER. Proteomic analysis to identify breast cancer biomarkers in nipple aspirate fluid. Clin Cancer Res 2004 10(22) 7500-7510. 

Sueoka E, Sueoka N, Goto Y, Matsuyama S, Nishimura H, Sato M, et al. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein B1 as early cancer biomarker for occult cancer of human lungs and bronchial dysplasia. Cancer Res 2001 61(5) 1896-1902. 

To be a cancer biomarker, a protein must have one of the following features mutated gene, deregulated expression and altered function that pro-... 

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