Proteomic Technology

Walgren JL, Thompson DC. Application of proteomic technologies in the drug development process. Toxicol Lett 2004 149 377-85. 

Agnieszka Kraj and Jerzy Silberring (Editors) Proteomics Introduction to Methods and Applications Ganesh Kumar Agrawal and Randeep Rakwal (Editors) Plant Proteomics Technologies, Strategies, and Applications... 

Proteomic technologies promise to be of great value in molecular medicine, particularly in the detection and discovery of disease markers. Since it was demonstrated that there is a poor correlation between mRNA and protein... 

Tonge R, Shaw J, Middleton B et al. Validation and development of fluorescence two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis proteomics technology. Proteomics 2001 1 377-396. 

New genomic and proteomic technologies provide powerful tools for the selection of patients likely to benefit from a therapeutic program without unacceptable adverse events. In this chapter we attempt to clarify how pharmacogenomic biomarker classifiers of the patients most likely to benefit from a drug can be identified and utilized during clinical development. 

Apart from academic organizations, the NCI (National Cancer Institute) and FDA (Food and Drug Administration) have initiated a collaboration to focus on using proteomic technologies to develop more targeted treatments and more reliable diagnostic kits for early detection of cancer. In mid-2001, researchers analyzed a series of tumor cells from different patients and came up with a roster of proteins present in cancer cells. These are distinct molecules not found in normal cells. In early 2002, scientists involved in this program reported that it is possible to compare... 

All four of the proteomic technologies mentioned above (2D-PAGE, HPLC, MS, and protein arrays) are dependent on the use of bioinformatics as a tool for data mining and elucidation. Often, MS runs generate lists of thousands of potential peptide biomarkers, and only with the help of dedicated software tools can the data be analyzed. Computer searches involving databanks of peptides and proteins are used to compare the lists of masses of the proteolytic peptides to theoretical proteolytic products. Matches between the observed mass and the calculated mass can serve as a way of identifying proteins of interest [28-32],... 

For proteomic technologies to be of widespread use, the reproducibility of each method must be determined. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the coefficient of variance associated with different technologies. One group examined a fully automated HPLC 9.4-tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS designed for unattended proteomics research 24 hours per day to investigate the instruments overall performance. 

Proteins are the functional units of a cell. They have constantly changing expression levels, locations, and PTMs that may be associated with the onset, progression, and remission of disease. Proteomic technologies (as described in Section 2) are used to detect patterns of differentially expressed proteins that have numerous potential clinical applications. Techniques such as 2D-PAGE and HPLC combined with MS can be used to identify proteins for early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and response to treatment. 

Combining Modern Proteomic Technologies with Traditional Histopathology Techniques... 

Many tumor markers have been identified in recent years since the improvements in proteomic technologies. For example, one study analyzed human serum with 2D-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS to identify a distinct repertoire of autoantibodies associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. These proteins differentiated the cancer patients from those chronically infected with hepatitis B or C, which constitute a high-risk group for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, proteomic-based technology was used to identify a set of four proteins that may have utility in early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma [87]. 

FIGURE 1 Application of deep proteome technologies to food- and drink-based plants. LAP, low-abundance proteins GMO, genetically modified organisms. 

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