Biomarker for prostate cancer

Acid- and alkaline phosphatases act on a variety of mono- and multiple phosphate carrying low molecular mass molecules. In addition, they hydrolyze many, but not all, phosphoproteins. They are in use for decades to easily screen for diseases, however, somewhat unspe-cifially. For instance, acid phosphatase is used as biomarker for prostate cancer, and alkaline phosphatase to monitor bone (de-) mineralization and liver tumors. 

The protein profiling approach also provides the use of pattern recognition for discrimination of disease states. Biomarkers for prostate cancer were profiled and a panel assembled that could differentiate cancer patients from noncancer populations (see Fung et al., 2001, Reference 11). Poon et al. (2003) utilized the ProteinChip to obtain tumor-specific proteomic signatures to detect hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients having chronic liver disease (CLD). 

The association of kallikreins with cancer is well established. PSA (hK3) and, more recently, human glandular kallikrein (hK2) are useful biomarkers for prostate cancer. A more detailed discussion about hK2 and hK3 as cancer biomarkers can be found elsewhere [31]. In addition to its established role in prostate cancer diagnosis and monitoring, recent reports indicate that hK3 can be useful as a marker for breast cancer prognosis [215],... 

Bondar OP, Barnidge DR, Klee EW, Davis BJ, Klee GG (2007) LC-MS/MS quantification of Zn-alpha2 glycoprotein a potential serum biomarker for prostate cancer. Clin Chem 53 673-678... 

Duijvesz, D., Bumum-Johnson, K.E., Gritsenko, M.A., Hoogland, A.M., Vredenbregt-van den Berg, M.S., Willemsen, R., et al., 2013. Proteomic profihng of exosomes leads to the identification of novel biomarkers for prostate cancer. PLoS One 8 (12), e82589. Available from http //dx.doi.org/10.1371/joumal.pone.0082589. 

Chikkaveeraiah, B.V. Bhirde, A., MaUiotra, R., Patel, V., Gutkind, J.S., Rusling, J.F. Single-wall carbon nanotube forest immunoarrays for electrochemical measurement of 4 protein biomarkers for prostate cancer. Anal. Chem. 81, 9129-9134 (2009)... 

Chikkaveeraiah BV, et al. Single-wall carbon nanotube forest arrays for immunoelectro-chemical measurement of four protein biomarkers for prostate cancer. Analytical Chemistry 2009 81 9129-34. http //dx.doi.oig/10.1021/ac9018022. 

Thompson, 1 University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio Biomarkers of risk for prostate cancer CRISP 2001... 

Petricoin, E. F., Ornstein, D. K., Sc Liotta, L. A (2004). Clinical proteomics Applications for prostate cancer biomarker discovery and detection. Urologic Oncology, 22, 322-328. 

EIayes RB, Ziegler RG, et al. (1999) Dietary factors and risks for prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8 25-34. 

Duijvesz, D., Luider, T., Bangma, C.H., Jenster, G., 2011. Exosomes as biomarker treasure chests for prostate cancer. Eur. Urol. 59, 823—831. 

Nanostmctured sensors coated with SWCNT forests and AuNP films were used to fabricate sandwich immunoassays for prostate cancer biomarker PSA [10,43,46,64]. As in Fig. 1.2a, conventional secondary antibodies (Ab2) conjugated with enzyme label HRP were used, as well as carbon nanotubes (CNT) or magnetic particles conjugated with Ab2 (Fig. 1.2c,g). These heavily labeled detection particles [69] can replace singly-labeled HRP-Ab2 in immunoassays to greatly enhance sensitivity. 

Wright, G. L., Cazares, L. H., Leung, S.-M., Nasim, S., Adam, B.-L., Yip, T.-T., Schellhammer, P. F., Gong, L., and Vlahou, A. (2000). ProteinChip surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) mass spectrometry a novel protein biochip technology for detection of prostate cancer biomarkers in complex protein mixtures. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 2, 264-276. 

Lerner, M.B., et al., Hybrids of a genetically engineered antibody and a carbon nanotube transistor for detection of prostate cancer biomarkers. ACS Nano, 2012. 6(6) p. 5143-5149. 

An important qualification must be made. While a biomarker may be of proven value in establishing whether a drug has the desired effect in patients or healthy volunteers (see Section 4.6.3) and for evaluation of the dose-response relationship, a biomarker may not be a surrogate for the clinical endpoint. Thus, suppression of testosterone after an initial rise will give an almost immediate endpoint for the effect of GnRH analogues in prostate cancer but the relationship breaks down later in the disease. Measures of blood glucose control are vital... 

Paweletz CP, Liotta LA, Petricorn EE (2001) New technologies for biomarker analysis of prostate cancer progression laser capture microdissection and tissue proteomics. Urology 57 160-163... 

In recent RT-PCR studies, many kallikreins have been proposed as new biomarkers for malignancies other than prostate cancer. Breast, ovarian, and testicular cancers are the most studied. Certain kallikreins were found to be differentially expressed in various malignancies (up- or downregulated), and the increase or decrease of their expression may be associated with prognosis [43, 58, 70, 89-94]. We have immunohistochemically evaluated some kallikreins in malignant diseases, including two series of prostate and renal cell carcinoma, and have examined their prognostic values [84, 85]. 

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