Functional alterations

Serotonin is a key transmitter in CNS function. Altered serotonergic function has been implicated in many CNS disorders including depression, feeding behavior, sleep disorders, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer s disease. 

The development of easy-to-use assays for determining theophylline blood levels afforded a handle on maintenance of effective but nontoxic levels. The relatively good availabihty of such assays in the United States probably contributed to the historical preference for theophylline treatment by U.S. physicians. Careful titration of the dose must be done on a patient-by-patient basis because individual rates of metaboHsm vary widely. Most ( 85%) of an oral dose of theophylline is metabolized by Hver microsomal enzymes. As a result many dmgs, eg, cimetidine [51481-61-9], anticonvulsants, or conditions, eg, fever, cigarette smoking, Hver disease, which affect Hver function alter theophylline blood levels. 

Functional Alterations in River Ecosystems Associated with Water Scarcity and Temporality... 

Fox DA, Campbell ML, Blocker YS. 1997. Functional alterations and apoptotic cell death in the retina following developmental or adult lead exposure. Neurotoxicology 18(3) 645-664. 

Rait VK, O Leary TJ, Mason JT. Modeling formalin fixatin and antigen retrieval with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A I—structural and functional alterations. Lab. Invest. 2004 84 292-299. 

Among functional alterations in patients with infectious diarrhea are increased secretion, failure of barrier function and reduction of absorptive function causing dehydration and nutritional deficiency. An understanding of the molecular pathogenesis with regard to each enteric pathogen will likely lead to a quicker diagnosis, more effective treatment and prevention of enteric infections. 

Selenomethionine group had altered immune function, altered serum enzyme activities, and elevated concentrations of selenium in liver (4 times control values) and breast muscle (14 times). Sodium selenite-treated birds had normal immune function and selenium tissue burdens however, serum enzyme activity was disrupted in the 3.5 mg/L group Adults normal. Impaired reproduction (reduced survival of ducklings, increased developmental abnormalities) for selenomethionine occurs between 4 and 8 mg/kg ration selenocysteine did not impair reproduction at 16 mg Se/kg ration... 

Drug-Induced Renal Structural-Functional Alterations I ... 

Trejo, R.A. et al., Reticuloendothelial and hepatic functional alterations following lead acetate administration, Exp. Mol. Pathol. 17, 145, 1972. 

Choi, J., Oughton, J., and Kerkvliet, N. I., Functional alterations in CDllb+Gr-l+ cells in mice injected with allogeneic tumor cells and treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Int. Immunopharmacol., 3, 553, 2003. 

PLB is a 52 amino acid protein associated with the SR. This was the first SR related gene-altered mouse model and has been intensively studied (Luo et al 1994). It is an ideal model to test the protein—function relation in that the function of PLB is modulatory and apparently not critical in the sense of not being lethal. The heterozygous null animals show no gross anatomical or functional alterations. There is considerable evidence on the biochemical level which shows that PLB is... 

Van lersel AAJ, Vanholsteijn I, Blaauboer BJ. 1988. Effects of 1,2-dibromoethane on isolated hepatocytes Functional alterations and induction of lipid-peroxidation. Xenobiotica 18 675-683. 

With regard to surface molecule expression of keratinocytes and their role in immunoregulation, a recent study by Loser et al. [49] showed that the member of the TNF superfamily, RANKL, is expressed on keratinocytes of inflamed human and mouse skin. In a murine system, RANKL overexpression in keratinocytes resulted in functional alterations of epidermal dendritic cells and systemic... 

Kahalalide F (217) Depsipeptide Kahalalide F (217) PM02734 (Irvalec 218) Oncology Oncology Alters lysosomal membrane function Alters lysosomal membrane function Phase n Phase I PharmaMar PharmaMar 956-961 962-965... 

In recent years, concern that chemicals might inadvertently be disrupting the endocrine system of humans and wildlife has increased. The concerns regarding exposure to these endocrine disrupters are based on adverse effects observed in certain wildlife, fish, and ecosystems increased incidences of certain endocrine-related human diseases and adverse effects observed in laboratory animals exposed to certain chemicals. The main effects reported in both wildlife and humans concern reproductive and sexual development and function altered immune system, nervous system, and thyroid function and hormone-related cancers. Endocrine dismption is not considered a toxicological endpoint in its own right, but a functional change or toxicological mode(s) of action that may lead to adverse effects. Endocrine dismpters are addressed further in Section 4.11. 

Platelet function Altered platelet function or abnormal results from laboratory studies have occurred in patients taking fluoxetine, paroxetine, or sertraline. 

Alzheimer s disease, the most prevalent form of dementia, afflicts approximately 10% of the population over age 65. The cardinal features of Alzheimer s disease are progressive loss of memory and disordered cognitive function. Alterations in behavior and a decline in Ian-... 

Peraza MA, Cromey DW, Carolus B, Carter DE, Gandolfi AJ (2006) Morphological and functional alterations in human proximal mbu-lar cell fine induced by low level inorganic arsenic, evidence for targeting of mitochondria and initiated apoptosis. J Appl Toxicol 26 356-367... 

Tissue sensitivity Alterations in receptor number Alterations in receptor affinity Alterations in second-messenger function Alterations in cellular and nuclear responses Patients are "more sensitive or "less sensitive to an agent... 

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