Biomarker for ovarian cancer

Luo LY, Katsaros D, Scorilas A, et al. The serum concentration of human kallikrein 10 represents a novel biomarker for ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer Res 2003 63 807-811. 

It would be possible to develop and apply artificial intelligence to identify and characterize proteins. Recently, it has been possible to apply artificial intelligence to identify many biomarkers for ovarian cancer. 

Much of the interest in SERS to date has focused on analytical applications. The technique has been used in a sensitive biosensor of glucose [72] and to assay lysophosphatidic acid, a biomarker for ovarian cancer [73]. With the advent of single-molecule SERS, biophysical studies comparable to the single-molecule fluorescence experiments described in Sect. 5.9 should be interesting. 

Borgono CA, Grass L, Soosaipillai A, et al. Human kallikrein 14 A new potential biomarker for ovarian and breast cancer. Cancer Res 2003 63 9032-9041. 

Kishi T, Grass L, Soosaipillai A. Human kallikrein 8, a novel biomarker for ovarian carcinoma. Cancer R 2003 63 2771-74. 

Although helpful in surveillance of patients with diagnosed ovarian cancer, the tumor marker CA-125 does not improve early detection of ovarian cancer when used alone [5]. Investigations examining genomic and pro-teomic patterns as possible complementary biomarkers for early ovarian cancer have shown some promise. However, further study is necessary to ascertain whether these biomarkers provide sufficient improvement in diagnostic accuracy to justify their more widespread application for ovarian cancer screening [19]. 

In recent RT-PCR studies, many kallikreins have been proposed as new biomarkers for malignancies other than prostate cancer. Breast, ovarian, and testicular cancers are the most studied. Certain kallikreins were found to be differentially expressed in various malignancies (up- or downregulated), and the increase or decrease of their expression may be associated with prognosis [43, 58, 70, 89-94]. We have immunohistochemically evaluated some kallikreins in malignant diseases, including two series of prostate and renal cell carcinoma, and have examined their prognostic values [84, 85]. 

A different study purely focused on isolating carrier molecules and their bound proteins to search for biomarkers of clinical interest. It was not only found that circulating carrier proteins were reservoirs for the accumulation and amplification of putative disease markers but also that the low molecular mass proteins that bound to albumin were distinct from those bound to nonalbumin carriers. Using SELDI-TOF, it was further verified that albumin bound peptides associated with ovarian cancer. This demonstrated that albumin capture was an effective method for harvesting disease-relevant biomarkers [66]. 

Jones MB, Krutzsch H, Shu HJ, Zhao YM, Liotta LA, Kohn EC, Petricoin EF. Proteomic analysis and identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for invasive ovarian cancer. Proteomics 2002 2 76-84. 

A multimodal approach was first successfully implemented for screening of ovarian cancer patients (Jacobs et al, 1999). Based on these results it is suggested that the identification and application of early candidate biomarkers in populations of high risk for RCC could present an efficient approach for the determination of screening markers. 

Zhang Z, Bast RC, Yu Y, Li J, SokoH LJ, Rai AJ, et al. Three biomarkers identified from serum proteomic analysis for the detection of early state ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2004 64 5882-90. 

H.X. Wang, M.T. Kachman, D.R. Schwartz, K.R. Cho and D.M. Lubman, Comprehensive proteome analysis of ovarian cancers using liquid phase separation, mass mapping and tandem mass spectrometry a strategy for identification of candidate cancer biomarkers, Proteomics, 4, 2476-2495 (2004). 

The lack of confidence in using a particular single protein as a biomarker for a disease has led to the development of a panel of proteins as biomarkers instead of a single protein for certain diseases. It is shown that an increase in a combination of four proteins, such as leptin, prolactin, osteopontin, and insulin-like growth factor II, serves as a good indicator of ovarian cancer. None of these proteins by themselves can serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. In addition to proteins, several hormones such as adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and calcitonin are also used as biomarkers for cancers. 

Many recent publications have provided proof of the suitability of the ProteinChip System in the discovery and validation of new biomarkers for a wide range of diseases. This is true for ovarian [47], prostatic [48], pancreatic [49] and head and neck [50] cancer, as well as for a large number of other tumorous diseases [7]. Similarly, successful studies have been reported for Alzheimer s disease [51], viral [52], bacterial [53], and parasitic [54] infections. The same applies to investigations about possible new markers to monitor the effect of drug treatment [55-57], and also to predict transplant rejections [58, 59]. The ProteinChip System is currently used by more... 

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