Prostate cancer diagnosis

The association of kallikreins with cancer is well established. PSA (hK3) and, more recently, human glandular kallikrein (hK2) are useful biomarkers for prostate cancer. A more detailed discussion about hK2 and hK3 as cancer biomarkers can be found elsewhere [31]. In addition to its established role in prostate cancer diagnosis and monitoring, recent reports indicate that hK3 can be useful as a marker for breast cancer prognosis [215],... 

Stephan C, Jung K, Cammann H, et al. An artificial neural network considerably improves the diagnostic power of percent free prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer diagnosis results of a 5-year investigation. Int J Cancer 2002 99 466-73. 

Transperianal or transrectal prostate biopsy is necessary to confirm a prostate cancer diagnosis and to grade the tumor specimen. TRUS-guided biopsies of hypoechoic areas may help define extraprostatic extension. For patients with visceral or lytic metastases, these lesions may be biopsied, because this presentation is common for one... 

Frydenberg M, Strieker PD, Kaye KW. Prostate cancer diagnosis and management. Lancet 1997 349 1681-1687. 

Acid phosphatases are enzymes that have been studied extensively due to the fact that their dysregulation is associated with pathophysiological conditions. This characteristic has been exploited for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods. As an example, prostatic acid phosphatase was the first marker for metastatic prostate cancer diagnosis and the dysregulation of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase is associated with abnormal bone resorption linked to osteoporosis. 

Damborsky et al. (2015) used SPR for measuring real-time quantitative binding affinities and kinetics of the interactions of specific antibodies with different epitopes of free and complexed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to be used in microfluidic immunoassay-based platforms for POC devices. The authors describe a selective, sensitive and reliable biosensor for prostate cancer diagnosis as a lab-on-chip device. 

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common problems of elderly men, affecting more than 40% of men over age 70. BPH results in the urinary symptoms of hesitancy and frequency. Since prostate cancer affects a similar age group and often has similar presenting symptoms, the presence of BPH often complicates the diagnosis of prostate cancer, although it does not appear to increase the risk of developing prostate cancer.2,5... 

Increased diagnosis of prostate cancer is attributed in part to the increased utilization of PSA testing. In fact, the American Cancer Society (ACS) now recommends measurement of PSA in addition to digital rectal examinations (DREs) in men over 50 years of age. Early detection of clinically localized prostate cancer can potentially result in a cure with radical prostatectomy or other treatments. PSA tests are used to monitor therapeutic efficacy and detect recurrent disease in patients with prostate cancer. 

PSA determination can be used to investigate the necessity for a prostate biopsy. PSA is considered a useful analyte in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer however, increased serum concentrations of PSA are also seen in patients without cancer of the prostate (e.g., patients with bacterial prostatitis or benign... 

Acid phosphatase retains its activity for a long period and hence is useful in forensic science to detect semen but has now been superseded by DNA fingerprinting. The activity in blood was used in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer but was superseded by PSA (prostate specific antigen). 

An area where we see increasing applicahon is in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Currently, there is much effort on characterizing breast and prostate cancer using either single- or mulh-voxel MRS. This effort focuses primarily on phosphahdylcholine metabolism, as represented by the resonance assigned to "total choline", which arises from unresolved PC, GPC, and choline. If sufficient spatial resolution and speed can be realized from high fields and instrumental advances. 

Comparison with Ultrasonography. The health care community is aw are of the high costs of MRI and continues to seek other techniques that may be effective at lower cost. One such comparison was made in connection with prostate cancer. The approach to treatment varies and depends on the extent of cancer at the time of diagnosis. 

The widespread application of serum markers for cancer screening, like prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer and Carcino-Embryonic Antigen (CEA) for colon cancer, has led to the perception that specific and accurate markers, yet to be discovered, will be the answer to early diagnosis and prognosis. 

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