Ethiopian mustard

Indhect thrombin inhibitors Tobacco, oilseed Ethiopian mustard Human hirudin variant 2 AMT 8,20... 

Mustard seed oil [Brassica alba (white mustard), B. hirta (yellow mustard), B, nigra (black mustard), B, juncea (brown mustard), 5. carinata Braun (Ethiopian mustard), Cruciferae, see also rapeseed oil]... 

L. Velasco, J. M. Fernandez-Martinez, A. DeHaro. The applicability of NIRS for estimating multiple seed quality components in Ethiopian mustard. In Proc 9th Int Rapeseed Congr. Cambridge, UK. Regional Inst. Gosford, Australia, 1995, p. 867-869. 

Velasco, L., Fern, M., and Haro, A.D. 1999. Intraspecific breeding for reduced glucosinolate content in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinataA. Braun), Euphytica 706 125-130. 

Mustard, which is made from the seeds of certain plants of the mustard family (Cruciferae), is the leading spice in worldwide usage. The four species of mustard seeds used for this purpose are (1) white mustard (SInapIs alba), (2) brown mustard (BrassicaJuncea), (3) black mustard (Brassica nigra), and (4) Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata). It is noteworthy that brown mustard, which is also called Indian mustard, may also be grown for its green leaves rather than for its seeds. 

Velasco, L., Nabloussi, A., De Haro, A. and Eemandez-Martmez, J.M. 2003. Development of high-oleic, low-Unolenic acid Ethiopian-mustard (Brassica carinata) germplasm. Theor. Appl. Genet. 107 823-830. 

B. carinata (commonly called Ethiopian mustard), an amphidiploid (BBCC, 2n=34) formed through interspecific hybridization from diploid progenitors... 

Alemayehu, N., Becker, H., 2002. Genotypic diversity and patterns of variation in a germplasm material of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun). Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 49, 573-582. 

Getinet, A., Rakow, G., Downey, R.K., 1996. Agronomic performance and seed quality of Ethiopian mustard in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 76, 387-392. 

Warwick, S.I., Gugel, R.K., McDonald, B., Falk, K.C., 2006. Genetic variation and agronomic potential of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata Pi- Braun) in western Canada. Genet. Resour. 

Mnzava, N.A., Olsson, K., 1990. Studies on tropical vegetables. Part 1. Seed amino, fatty acid and glucosinolate profile of Ethiopian mustards (Brassica carinala Braun). Food Chem. 35, 229-235. 

The modem history of the military use of toxic chemical agents (1,3—5) dates from the first full-scale (chlorine) gas attack on April 22, 1915, near Ypres, Belgium in World War I. There were a few reports of the limited use of toxic chemicals since that time. The Italians employed mustard, a bUster agent, during the Ethiopian war in 1935 and 1936 the Japanese used toxic chemicals in a number of small-scale engagements in the early years of their war with China and Iraq purportedly employed both mustard and nerve gases in the 1980s. 

Italian forces used sulphur mustard against Ethiopian forces in 1936 and it was used by Japanese forces against Chinese troops during World War II (Robinson, 1971). In the Iran-Iraq war, allegations, which proved well founded, of the use of sulphur mustard by Iraq were made (United Nations Security Council, 1984,1986,1987). In 1986, more than 30 Iranian casualties whose injuries were compatible with exposure to mustard gas were evacuated to London for treatment. The author was thus able to gather first-hand experience of treating mustard gas casualties. 

Since the use of sulphur mustard in the 1914— 1918 war, there have been several allegations of its use around the world in numerous conflicts. Italian forces were reported to have used sulphur mustard against Abyssinian (Ethiopian) troops in 1936 and it was used, probably on several occasions, by the Japanese in China between 1937 and 1941 (Medema, 1986). Some evidence to support its use by Poland against Germany in 1939 and by Egypt against the Yemen in 1963 to 1967 has also been reported (Medema, 1986). Much more recently, well-founded allegations of... 

The initial Italian offensive from Eritrea was not pursued with the proper vigor in Mussolini s opinion, and the Italian commander was replaced. The new commander, Marshal Pietro Badoglio, was ordered to finish the war quickly. He resorted to chemical weapons to defeat the Ethiopian troops led by Emperor Haile Selassie. Despite the Geneva Protocol of 1925, which Italy had ratified in 1928 (and Ethiopia in 1935), the Italians dropped mustard bombs and occasionally sprayed it from airplane tanks. They also used mustard agent in powder form as a dusty agent to burn the unprotected feet of the Ethiopians. There were also rumors of phosgene and chloropicrin attacks, but these were never verified. 

It is my opinion that of all the superior weapons possessed by the Italians, mustard gas was the most effective. It caused few deaths that I observed, but it temporarily incapacitated very large numbers and so frightened the rest that the Ethiopian resistance broke completely.88(p20)... 

Major General J. F. C. Fuller, assigned to the Italian army, highlighted the Italian use of mustard agent to protect the flanks of columns by denying ridge lines and other key areas to the Ethiopians. He concluded ... 

I think [where mustard] had [the] most effect was on animals the majority of the Ethiopian armies consisted of a number of individual soldiers, each with his donkey or mule on which he carried rations. These donkeys and mules ate the grass and it killed them, and it was that which really broke down morale more than anything.86(p81)... 

Such assessments cannot be accepted without data on the number of gas casualties and the proportion of gas to other casualties -information which is simply not available. Undoubtedly there were severe casualties whenever the Abyssinians, always barefoot and clad only in togas and cotton trousers, passed through a contaminated area or were struck by mustard spray. Under the tropical heat, the mustard burns appeared more rapidly than in the First World War, and the troops lacked either masks or protective clothing. Not until 6 April 1936 were the first 1800 gas masks made available by the Ethiopian Women s Work Association. Only late in the war did the Ethiopian government import medicines to treat the gas burns. Casualty records were not kept, apart from the men, women and children who received treatment from the Red Cross units. As the latter were few in number and were scattered across both fronts of the war, they could treat only a small proportion of the wounded, without gaining any impression of the total number involved. Members of the British Red Cross Unit, however, were quoted as saying that they alone had... 

Use of mustard gas in the Italian Ethiopian campaign 1936-1945 Discovery and production of nerve gases in Germany 1938-1941 Probable use of mustard gas and other chemical agents in the Sino-Japanese Manchurian war... 

---