Artichoke leaves

This method is also used to measure ex vivo low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. LDL is isolated fresh from blood samples, oxidation is initiated by Cu(II) or AAPH, and peroxidation of the lipid components is followed at 234 nm for conjugated dienes (Prior and others 2005). In this specific case the procedure can be used to assess the interaction of certain antioxidant compounds, such as vitamin E, carotenoids, and retinyl stearate, exerting a protective effect on LDL (Esterbauer and others 1989). Hence, Viana and others (1996) studied the in vitro antioxidative effects of an extract rich in flavonoids. Similarly, Pearson and others (1999) assessed the ability of compounds in apple juices and extracts from fresh apple to protect LDL. Wang and Goodman (1999) examined the antioxidant properties of 26 common dietary phenolic agents in an ex vivo LDL oxidation model. Salleh and others (2002) screened 12 edible plant extracts rich in polyphenols for their potential to inhibit oxidation of LDL in vitro. Gongalves and others (2004) observed that phenolic extracts from cherry inhibited LDL oxidation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Yildirin and others (2007) demonstrated that grapes inhibited oxidation of human LDL at a level comparable to wine. Coinu and others (2007) studied the antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from artichoke leaves and outer bracts measured on human oxidized LDL. Milde and others (2007) showed that many phenolics, as well as carotenoids, enhance resistance to LDL oxidation. 

Another type of leafs used in human food having been investigated for their content in low-abundance proteins are artichoke leaves (39). Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a plant belonging to the Asteraceae and is... 

Anonymous, 1999. Renewed proof inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis by dried extract of artichoke leaves. Forsch. Komplementar Med. 6(3), 168-169. 

A preparation containing plant extract is described that reduces inflammation, disinfects, and relaxes muscle tension. It contains a mixture of dried blood-wort, mint, walnut leaves, Jerusalem artichoke leaves, rose petals, and plantain in specified amounts. The active plant compounds are extracted with ethyl alcohol. They are concentrated and formulated into medicinal or cosmetic preparations. 

ARTICHOKE, Cynarae folium is the leaves from Cynara scolymus L., family Jisteraceae. The extract of artichoke leaves has a liver-protecting effect, increases the regeneration of liver cells and has choleretic and lipid-lowering effects. 

Lane 2 artichoke leaves, lane 3 birch leaves, lane 4 elderflowers, lane 5 leaves of the maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba)... 

Lane 1 camphorol 3-rhamnosidoglucoside (23-27), luteohn 7-glucoside (43 6), caffeic acid (88-93), lane 2 artichoke leaves, lane 3 red coneflower (E. purpurea), lane 4 rutoside, hyperoside, lane 5 birch leaves (Betulae folium), lane 6 primrose flower Primula flos), lane 7 elderflower Sambuci flos), lane 8 maidenhair tree leaves Ginkgo biloba)... 

Synonyms Artichoke Artichoke leaves Definition Leaves of Cynara scolymus Properties Bitter tonic flavor Uses Natural flavoring agent in alcoholic beverages... 

Artichoke leaves. See Artichoke (Cyanara scolymus) leaves Artie Mist . See Talc Artificial almond oil. See Benzaldehyde Artificial ant oil. See Furfural Artificial barite. See Barium sulfate Artificial cinnabar. See Mercury sulfide (ic), red Artificial cinnamon oil. See Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) oil Artificial gum. See Dextrin Artificial heavy spar. See Barium sulfate Artificial musk ambrette. See Musk ambrette... 

Ceccarelli N, Curadi M, Martelloni L, Sbrana C, Picciarelli P, Giovannetti M (2010) Mycorrhizal colonization impacts on phenolic content and antioxidant properties of artichoke leaves and flower heads two years after field transplant. Plant Soil 335 311-323... 

Wittemer SM, Ploch M, Windeck T, Muller SC, Drewelow B, Derendorf H, Veit M. 2005. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids after oral administration of artichoke leaf extracts in humans. Phytomedicine 12 28-38. 

Screening involved evaluation of 220 candidate botanical ingredients in vitro for their ability to inhibit ILlp gene expression in human mononuclear cells (U937 and THP-1) that were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Table 11.1, activity 2). The ingredient list was narrowed to twenty-six botanicals that had a 50% inhibitory concentration of <10 pg/ml in the in vitro IL-1 production assay. The potential IL-1 inhibitors were further narrowed to four botanicals (artichoke leaf extract, nettle root extract, olive fruit extract, and rose hips extract) based on criteria such as reliability of sourcing, purity, and others that might contribute to commercial potential. 

Comparison of Jerusalem Artichoke Leaf Elemental Content (%) with Ranges in Other Root and Tuber Crops... 

Pittler MH, Thompson CO, Ernst E. Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002 (3) CD003335. 

Zhu et al. [222] examined the antimicrobial activities of four flavonoids, luteolin-7-rutinoside, cynaroside. Fig. (31), apigenin-7-rutinoside and apigenin-7-G-P-Z)-glucopyranoside, isolated from the n-butanol soluble fraction of artichoke leaf extracts (Cynara scolymus). The compounds showed activity against most of the tested organisms, and were more effective against fungi than bacteria. The MIC values of these compounds were between 50 and 200 )J.g/ml. 

Kraft, K., Artichoke leaf extract recent findings reflecting effects on hpid metabolism, liver and gastrointestinal tracts. Phytomedicine (1997) 4(4), 369-378. 

Fintehnann V (1996) Therapeutic profile and mechanisms of action of artichoke leaf extrads hypolipemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and choleretic properties. Phytomedicine (Suppl 1) 50... 

Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, Wallis C, Simpson HCR (2008) Artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus L.) reduces plasma cholesterol in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults a randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine 15 668-675... 

Placebo-controlled chnical trials of artichoke leaf extracts have shown cholersterol-lowering eflfects and symptomatic improvement of patients with functional dyspepsia. Cynarin has shown inconsistent Iwpolipidemic effects in humans (martindale). ... 

Artichoke leaf extracts have been widely used in Europe for the treatment of digestive com-... 

Composition (% Dry Matter) of Leaf (L), Stem (S), and Total Aerial Parts (LS) of Six Jerusalem Artichoke Clones... 

Berenji, J., Leaf area determination in Jerusalem artichoke, in Topinambour (Jerusalem Artichoke), Report EUR 13405, Gosse, G. and Grassi, G., Eds., Commission of the European Communities (CEC), Luxembourg, 1988, pp. 91-98. 

Soja, G. and Haunold, E., Leaf gas exchange and tuber yield in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) cultivars), Field Crop Res., 26, 241-252, 1991. 

Soja, G., Samm, T., and Praznik, W., Leaf nitrogen, photosynthesis and crop productivity in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), in Inulin and Inulin-Containing Crops, Fuchs, A., Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 39 14. 

The effect of leaf position on the photosynthetic rate of Jerusalem artichoke (Soja and Haunold, 1991) is similar to that of the sunflower (English et al., 1979) in that leaf position becomes progressively more critical as the plant ages. When the plants reach their final height, only leaves in the upper 1/6 of the canopy display gas exchange rates greater than 50% of the most apical leaves (Table 10.3). 

Plants and their individual parts display distinct patterns in their respiratory rate during development. One of the earliest studies on respiratory patterns was conducted on sunflower plants and component parts during an entire growing season (Kidd et al., 1921). In Jerusalem artichokes, total carbon respired from the leaves was calculated from the respiratory rate of different aged leaves x their weight (Hogetsu et al., 1960). The vertical distribution of leaf size (g dwt) and respiratory losses... 

The discrepancy between the simulations of the models and experimental data from Jerusalem artichoke grown in the field is often large, in the case of early versions of the LINTUL model, for example, due to over- or underestimation of leaf area extension, ontogenetic development, and the distribution of assimilates with time (Denoroy, 1993). The models have been improved over time, however, in the light of experimental evidence. Collectively they have provided useful insights into the development physiology and biochemistry of Jerusalem artichoke. 

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