Artichokes

Artichoke is stated to have diuretic, choleretic, hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic, and hepato-stimulating properties. 

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) is an ancient herbaceous pereimial plant originating from Mediterranean North Africa. The artichoke head, an immature flower constitutes the edible part of this vegetable which is grown widely around the world with Italy and Spain being the leading producers. Artichoke heads contain antioxidants and the main phenolic compounds are 5-0-caffeoylquinic acid with smaller amounts of 1-O-calFeoylquinic acid, 1,4-0-dicafFeoylquinic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteohn-7-O-rutinoside 

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Artichokes Article of manufacture Artifact conservation Artificial colors Artificial flavorings Artificial hip Artificial intelligence... 

In nature, fmctose (levulose, fmit sugar) is the main sugar in many fmits and vegetables. Honey contains ca 50 wt % fmctose on a dry basis. Sucrose is composed of one unit each of fmctose and dextrose combined to form the disaccharide. Fmctose exists in polymeric form as inulin in plants such as Jemsalem artichokes, chicory, dahlias, and dandeHons, and is Hberated by treatment with acid or enzyme. 

Garten, m. garden, -bau, m. -baukunst, /. horticulture, -distel, /. artichoke, -kunst, /. horticulture, -raute, /. garden rue, common rue. 

In 1933, Schlubach and Knoop32 isolated a di-D-fructose dianhydride from Jerusalem artichoke and tentatively identified it as difructose anhydride I [a-D-Fru/-1,2 2,1 - 3-D-Fn / (5)]. Alliuminoside ( -D-fructofuranose- -D-fructofura-nose 2,6 6,2 -dianhydride) was isolated from tubers of Allium sewertzowi by Strepkov33 in 1958. Uchiyama34 has demonstrated the enzymic formation of a-D-Fru/-1,2 2,3 -(3-D-Fru/ [di-D-fructose anhydride III (6)] from inulin by a homogenate of the roots of Lycoris radiata Herbert. 

Lettuce, cabbage, celery, turnip, biuegrass (kentucky), oats, maize, artichoke, tobacco, mustard, clover (sweet), squash, muskmeion Tolerant (4.0-6.0 ppm)... 

D-Fructose Fruit juices. Honey. Hydrolysis of cane sugar and of inulin (from the Jerusalem artichoke). Can be changed to glucose in the liver and so used in the body. Hereditary fructose intolerance leads to fructose accumulation and hypoglycemia. 

Carrots, sugar beet, fodder beet, beetroot, chicory roots, horseradish, Jerusalem artichoke, parsley roots, swedes... 

Fractionation of Allelochemicals from Oilseed Sunflowers and Jerusalem Artichokes... 

The phenolic and related components present in stems and leaves of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., and Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus L., were extracted sequentially and their activity as phytotoxic agents evaluated. Total acids and neutral compounds were isolated by extraction with methanol, acetone, and water. The free acids and neutral compounds were partitioned into the organic phase, whereas the acids, present as esters and aglycones, were liberated by subsequent alkaline hydrolysis of the aqueous phase. 

The major components have been identified tentatively as phenolic and fatty acids. At this time, seven phenolics have been identified in only four of the fractions. These are shown in Table III. A measure of the magnitude of the confidence level (cc) with a spectrum of standards is given. The first three entries are from the sunflower the last, from the Jerusalem artichoke. In all fractions isolated, both from the sunflower and the Jerusalem artichoke, a homologous series of fatty acids ranging from Cjo to Ci8 have been identified also by GC-MS. Even-chain, Cj6 to Cjs saturated and Cxs mono- and di-unsaturated, predominated. This is not surprising, since fatty acids are major constituents of plant... 

Tables IV and VII give the percentage of the final frond number noted compared to the control for the same fractions as given in Tables I and II. The magnitude of the response in all cases is proportional to that noted on the basis of dried weight of fronds. The difference, where present, may be due to the size of the fronds since the effect of the phytochemical may be to limit frond size but not necessarily the number of fronds. Tables V, VI, and VIII give a description of the visual appearance of the fronds treated. Tables V and VI give the observations after 5 and 7 days, respectively, for the fraction from the sunflower, and Table VIII, for those from Jerusalem artichoke after 7 days.

Relating the effects caused by specific allelochemicals to those caused by an allelopathic plant is complicated because the inhibitory substances released from a plant are often unknown, and generally several different compounds are involved. However, the actions of the weeds studied in our investigations have certain parallels to those found from pCA and FA. The allelopathic nature of Kochi a, Jerusalem artichoke, and cocklebur was established, since both aque-ous extracts and weed residues reduced sorghum growth. The data show a concentration dependency characteristic of allelopathy, and some difference in toxicity among the three weeds was observed with cockle-bur the most toxic. 

Cynara scolymus (artichoke) Scorzonera hispanica (scorzonera)... 

Hydroxycinnamic acids are common in the majority of plant species and certain fruits and vegetables (e.g. plums and artichoke) and cereal brans (e.g. whole grains) are a good source (Clifford, 1999). They occur less often as the free acids (e.g. /9-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, sinapic) but usually occur as... 

Inulin was first isolated and, indeed, has received by far the most attention. It was discovered in 1804 by Rose1 who separated it from the extract of artichoke tubers. The name inulin was first used by Thomson2 3 in 1811. 

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