Birch leaf

Parts Birch leaves 45 Parts Uva ursi 30 Parts Liquorice... 

Parts Birch leaves 20 Parts Couch-grass root 20 Parts Early golden-rod herb 20 Parts Restharrow root 20 Parts Liquorice... 

Shen, Y., Kojima, Y., and Terazawa, M., Two lignan rhamnosides from birch leaves, Journal of Wood Science, 45, 326, 1999. 

Figure 1. Leaf-to-leaf variation in four traits along a single branch of sugar maple (left) and yellow birch (right) on 6/23/81. Horizontal axis is mean of each measure for that branch hatched area is one standard deviation. Each black bar represents the actual value for one leaf, plotted as deviation from the mean. Branch terminus is to right yellow birch leaves D and E are at least 10 days younger than the others.

Ossipov, V., Salminen, J., Ossipova, S., Haukioja, E., and Pihlaja, K., 2003, Gallic acid and hydrolyzable tannins are formed in birch leaves from an intermediate compound of the shikimate pathway, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 31 3-16. 

Long-term studies of litter decomposition have been primarily conducted in temperate forested ecosystems (Aber et ai, 1990 Berg, 1984b Berg and Staaf, 1980 Melillo et aL, 1989). In a 77-month litterbag study at the Harvard Forest, MA, Melillo and co-workers (Aber et aL, 1990 Melillo et al., 1989) found that for two litters (red pine needles and paper birch leaves), decomposition can be described by a two-phase system ... 

Berg B. and Staaf H. (1987) Release of nutrients from decomposing white birch leaves and Scots pine needle litter. Pedobiologia 30(1), 55-63. 

Diuretics from Plant Sources. Reports of diuretic activity in naturally-occurring substances or their extracts have been abundant in the past and they are always difficult to evaluate. Recent, diiiretic properties have been described for extracts of birch leaves (Betula verrucosa), celery (Apium graveolens) and the Indian plants, Boerhaavia repens and Boerhaavia rependa. - ... 

As this not only requires adequate experience of the user, but also adds a very time-consuming operation to the laboratory routine, the development of an optimized TLC method for the dry extract is often omitted. This is often the precise reason that TLC is discredited in comparison to other analytical methods. An example of a successful optimization of the parameters of various TLC systems for birch leaves is given in Table 10, and the chromatograms for these are shown in Fig. 48a-d. 

Lane 2 artichoke leaves, lane 3 birch leaves, lane 4 elderflowers, lane 5 leaves of the maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba)... 

Lanes 1 and 2 5 il each pointwise, lanes 3 and 4 10 pi each bandwise, lanes 1 and 3 dry extract of early golden rod herb, lanes 2 and 4 dry extract of birch leaves... 

Lane 1 reference substances with ascending hRf values chlorogenic acid, quercitrin, quercetin, lane 2 3.75 mg DE from birch leaves, lane 3 3.75 mg DE from hawthorn herb... 

Lane 1 reference substances with ascending hRf values rutoside, chlorogenic add, hyperoside, lane 2 early golden rod herb DE, lane 3 horsetail herb DE, lane 4 birch leaves DE, lane 5 hawthorn leaves and flowers DE... 

Figure 71. Two-dimensional TLC with intermediate snbstance hydrolysis nsing the example of birch leaves dry extract (DE) (shots taken in 365-nm UV light after derivatization with the flavone reagent according to Neu)...

Lane 1 camphorol 3-rhamnosidoglucoside (23-27), luteohn 7-glucoside (43 6), caffeic acid (88-93), lane 2 artichoke leaves, lane 3 red coneflower (E. purpurea), lane 4 rutoside, hyperoside, lane 5 birch leaves (Betulae folium), lane 6 primrose flower Primula flos), lane 7 elderflower Sambuci flos), lane 8 maidenhair tree leaves Ginkgo biloba)... 

Birch leaves Betula pendula ROTH B. pubescen.s EHRHART Betulaceae... 

In connection with the structure study of isodehydropanaxadiol (29) (see Chapter III), Ohsawa etal. 22, 23) earlier discovered a new cyclobro-mination of y,5-unsaturated alcohols under the influence of N-bromosuccinimide in CCI4. Thus (13) afforded stereospecifically the bromo compound (60), which on reduction with zinc in acetic acid at room temperature, regenerated (13). The structure of (60) was elucidated by X-ray analysis. The chirality of c-24 of ocotillol type triterpenes including betulafolienetriol-oxide-I (61) and -II (62) which are constituents of white birch leaves, was established by correlation with (60) as shown in Chart 14 113). Further investigation 111) disposed of a comment by Rao et al. 114) on this correlation. 

In this connection it should be mentioned that also certain animals are able to produce plant hormones. Larvae of the moth Stigmella argentipedella, living as mining caterpillars in birch leaves (Betula verrucosa) excrete cytokinins (E 3.1) from their labial glands. The released cyto-... 

The uranium content in plants and mushrooms grown on a uranium-contaminated site in Germany was determined by ICPMS (Baumann et al. 2014). All samples were sent to the laboratory immediately after collection and processed there. First, the samples were rinsed with deionized water and then cut with a knife and separated into liquid sap and solid residue by centrifugation. Birch leaves were hacked by a food processor and centrifuged, but the amount of sap was not always sufficient for analysis. The residues were digested in a closed Teflon vessel in a microwave oven for half an hour. The uranium content in the sap and digested samples was determined by ICPMS. Some samples were also analyzed by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence (TREES) in a He-cryostat that is suitable for speciation studies. 

As pointed out by Charnov et al. (1976), foraging animals tend to depress the availability of resources through their foraging activities. Thus, effective resource distribution may depend upon the manner in which foragers search for, exploit, and depress resource units. We separate resource depression states into four major classes (i) the resource unit is removed from the foraging site coincident with its exploitation, (ii) resource remains within the sensory field but has no resource value (e.g., an already mated female), (iii) resource remains within sensory field and replenishes itself (e.g., flower produces new nectar after original supply has been extracted), and (iv) resource becomes less vulnerable to attack and/or exploitation as a result of previous use (e.g., previously damaged birch leaves Haukioja, 1980). 

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