Artichoke leaf extract

Wittemer SM, Ploch M, Windeck T, Muller SC, Drewelow B, Derendorf H, Veit M. 2005. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids after oral administration of artichoke leaf extracts in humans. Phytomedicine 12 28-38. 

Screening involved evaluation of 220 candidate botanical ingredients in vitro for their ability to inhibit ILlp gene expression in human mononuclear cells (U937 and THP-1) that were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Table 11.1, activity 2). The ingredient list was narrowed to twenty-six botanicals that had a 50% inhibitory concentration of <10 pg/ml in the in vitro IL-1 production assay. The potential IL-1 inhibitors were further narrowed to four botanicals (artichoke leaf extract, nettle root extract, olive fruit extract, and rose hips extract) based on criteria such as reliability of sourcing, purity, and others that might contribute to commercial potential. 

Pittler MH, Thompson CO, Ernst E. Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002 (3) CD003335. 

Zhu et al. [222] examined the antimicrobial activities of four flavonoids, luteolin-7-rutinoside, cynaroside. Fig. (31), apigenin-7-rutinoside and apigenin-7-G-P-Z)-glucopyranoside, isolated from the n-butanol soluble fraction of artichoke leaf extracts (Cynara scolymus). The compounds showed activity against most of the tested organisms, and were more effective against fungi than bacteria. The MIC values of these compounds were between 50 and 200 )J.g/ml. 

Kraft, K., Artichoke leaf extract recent findings reflecting effects on hpid metabolism, liver and gastrointestinal tracts. Phytomedicine (1997) 4(4), 369-378. 

Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, Wallis C, Simpson HCR (2008) Artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus L.) reduces plasma cholesterol in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults a randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine 15 668-675... 

Placebo-controlled chnical trials of artichoke leaf extracts have shown cholersterol-lowering eflfects and symptomatic improvement of patients with functional dyspepsia. Cynarin has shown inconsistent Iwpolipidemic effects in humans (martindale). ... 

Artichoke leaf extracts have been widely used in Europe for the treatment of digestive com-... 

Allantoin calcium pantothenate Allantoin galacturonic acid Allantoin glycyrrhetinic acid Allantoin polygalacturonic acid Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) extract Bergamot (Citrus aurantium bergamia) extract Bioflavonoids Birch (Betula alba) extract Birch (Betula alba) leaf extract Birch (Betula alba) oil... 

Subsequent tests with velvetleaf, Kodkia, Jerusalem artichoke, and cocklebur showed that their allelopathic action altered water balance (55,94,95). Growth reductions in sorghum and soybean seedlings in nutrient solution amended with extracts from these weeds correlated with high diffusive resistances and low leaf water potentials. Stomatal closure occurred in plants treated with the more concentrated extracts. Depressions in water potential were due to a reduction in both turgor pressure and osmotic potential. A lower relative water content was also found in velvetleaf-treated plants. These impacts on water balance were not from osmotic factors. Allelochemicals from these weeds have not been thoroughly ascertained, but the present evidence shows that some contain phenolic inhibitors. Lodhi (96) reported that Kodkia contains ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, and quercetin. As noted earlier, an effect on plant-water relationships is one mechanism associated with the action of ferulic acid. 

---