Respiratory patterns

Plants and their individual parts display distinct patterns in their respiratory rate during development. One of the earliest studies on respiratory patterns was conducted on sunflower plants and component parts during an entire growing season (Kidd et al., 1921). In Jerusalem artichokes, total carbon respired from the leaves was calculated from the respiratory rate of different aged leaves x their weight (Hogetsu et al., 1960). The vertical distribution of leaf size (g dwt) and respiratory losses 

Biology and Chemistry of Jerusalem Artichoke Helianthus tuberosus L. 

Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Dark Respiration of Individual Plant Parts from Three Jerusalem Artichoke Cultivars 

Plant Part Qioa Sunchoke Medius Violet de Rennes 

Plant population density affected the amount of respiratory losses at the highest density (10 x 10 cm), the total respiratory losses increased markedly in June. At the lower densities (20 x 20 

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Cucinell et al. examined some physio ogic reactions to CS in the dog. A spray containing CS at 25 ug/L caused an increase in blood pressure, tachycardia, and changes in respiratory pattern. The dogs yelped and might have been in pain. Release of bradykinin in rabbits tested with CS may have been related to the pain caused by CS. 3... 

In close vicinity of the ARAS the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) and the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei are situated. Combined coma and oculomotor disturbances points to a brainstem lesion (Parvizi and Damasio 2003). Other clinical symptoms like respiratory pattern, pupillary reflex, and position or movement patterns of the limbs may help localize the site of the lesion. 

Cardiopulmonary parameters and rectal body temperature are determined while the rabbit is in the sling and also at 15 min intervals following induction of anesthesia with the rabbit in lateral recumbency. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate and respiratory pattern are calculated from tracings from the physiological recorder. Arterial blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PaQz), and partial pressure of... 

Lumbers H., Atkin O. K., and Scheurwater 1. (1996) Respiratory patterns in roots in relation to their functioning. In Plant Roots The Hidden Half (eds. Y. Waisel, A. Eshel, and U. Kafkaki). Dekker, New York, pp. 323-362. 

Fig. 10.2. The respiratory pattern of isolated brown fat mitochondria. A. When substrate (succinate) is added to brown fat mitochondria (here isolated from cold-acclimated or control guinea-pigs), they respire rapidly. Upon ADP addition the rate is initially increased (normal State 2-3 transition), but the ensuing State 4 rate is lower than State 2. Successive ADP additions result in a successively decreased State 4 rate. Numbers indicate respiratory rates in nmol oxygen-min -mg protein. (Adapted from Pedersen and Flatmark [93] for details see this paper.) B. The specific coupling effect of purine nucleotides (here ADP) can be demonstrated after addition of oligomycin so that the respiratory stimulation due to ATP synthesis is eliminated. Addition of the uncoupler FCCP results in a respiratory rate identical to that prior to ADP, indicating that the ADP effect is on coupling, and not due to inhibition of substrate oxidation. (Adapted from Cannon et al. [23] for details see this paper.)...

In response to these activation stimuli, action potentials are conducted towards the central nervous system, where they may elicit reflex responses in respiratory pattern (e.g. rapid, shallow breathing), or alterations in pulmonary mechanics. As the action potentials, on their way to the central nervous system, pass the terminal ramifications of axon dendrites, antidromic conduction occurs and signals are propagated toward peripheral nerve... 

The site and quantity of particle deposition in the respiratory tract depend mainly on particle size but are also affected by respiratory pattern and airway pathology. Understanding the terminology of particle deposition is essential. Deposition is the capture of particles on a surface. Some inhaled particles are deposited by the respiratory epithelium, and others are exhaled. Clearance is the removal of any deposited particles by any process and is not a major topic of this discussion, although it may be important for the efficacy of inhaled medications. Total deposition is the difference between the inhaled and exhaled mass of the substance of interest. Regional deposition defines mass in various anatomic levels... 

Guyenet PG, Mulkey DK, Stornetta RL, Bayliss DA. 2005. Regulation of ventral surface chemoreceptors by the central respiratory pattern generator. J Neurosci 25 8938-8947. 

Shao, X. M., and Feldman, J. L. (2000), Acetylcholine modulates respiratory pattern Effects mediated by M3-like receptors in prcBoizinger complex inspiratory neurons. Neurophysiol 83, 1243-1252. 

Fisher IT, Mortola IP, Smith JB, Fox GS, Weeks S. Respiration in newborns development of the control of breathing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982 125 650-657. Benito-ZabaUos MP, Pedraz Garcia C, Salazar A, Villalobos V. Pulmonary function in preterm and full term infants during the neonatal period 1. Respiratory pattern. Arm Esp Ped 1991 35 243-247. 

Rybak, I.A., Paton, J.F.R, and Schwaber, J.S. 1997a. Modeling neural mechanisms for genesis of respiratory rhythm and pattern 11. Networkmodels of the central respiratory pattern generator. J. Neurophysiol. 77 2007. 

Sammon, M., Romaniuk, J.R., and Bruce, E.N. 1993. Bifurcations of the respiratory pattern associated with reduced lung volume in the rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 75 887. 

Mulder, L. J. M., Van Roon, A. M., Veldman, J. B. P, Elgerma, A. F., Mulder, G. (1995). Respiratory pattern, invested effort, and variability in heart rate and blood pressure during the... 

Respiratory pattern changes from wakefulness to almost wakefulness and during the different stages of sleep. Thus, at least theoretically, breathing sound analysis using smartphones can be used to evaluate sleep and sleep structure. 

Change in the functional status of ventilation is determined by measuring respiratory patterns which should include, at a minimum, the endpoints respiratory rate (frequency), tidal volume (depth), and minute volume (or minute ventilation or expired minute volume). By monitoring the frequency and depth of the pumping apparatus, the effects of drugs on total pulmonary ventilation (i.e., respiratory stimulation or depression) can be established. 

An analysis of the respiratory pattern published for Avena fatua during imbibition, germination and subsequent growth reveals the absence of a lag phase in oxygen uptake (Fig. 5.3 B). Several other seeds exhibit a similar feature (Table 5.1). There is no simple explanation for this lack of a lag phase, and we are not aware of any attempts in the literature to distinguish critically between seeds with and without a lag phase. It could be that the latter do not pass through a period of temporary anaerobiosis and there are no restrictions imposed by the seed coat or perhaps their efficient mitochondrial respiratory systems become established early to effect continuity of oxygen uptake. The matter is obviously worthy of further research, even if only to make sure in those instances where the lag phase seems to be absent that this is not due to a lack of measurements at the critical time period. 

St John WM, Knuth KV A characterization of the respiratory pattern of gasping. 

Smith JC, Greer JJ, Liu G, Feldman JL. Neural mechanisms generating respiratory pattern in mammalian brainstem-spinal cord in vitro. I. Spaciotemporal patterns of motor and medullary neuron activity. J Neurophysiol 1990 64 1149-1169. 

Feldman JL, Smith JC. Neural control of respiratory pattern in mammals an overview. In Dempsey JA, Pack AI, eds. Regulation of Breathing. New "ybik Marcel Dekker, 1995 39-69. 

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