Applications portable equipment

There is a trend in the last years to extend the application range of metal-ceramic tubes also to medium power portable equipment 160kV to 300kV portable systems are well known in the market. 

The Pr EN 12668-1 concerns the verification of characteristics of ultrasonic flaw detector. It is mainly applicable to portable equipment incorporating Ascan visualisation on screen, and which bandwidth is comprised between 0,5 and 15 Mhz. The project describes three levels of verification ... 

A PWM switching power supply that is designed with no extraordinary loss-control methods will exliibit efficiencies as seen in Table 3-3. For switching power supplies that have no problem in getting rid of the heat, such as some off-line applications, the aforementioned efficiencies may be satisfactory. For portable applications and equipment that must be small in size much better efficiencies must be sought. To improve the overall efficiency of a power supply, several techniques can be used. 

Potentiodynamic polarisation The characteristics of passive/active conditions for metals can be readily defined using this technique ". Details for laboratory application can be found in ASTM Standard G5 (latest revision). Application in plant is easily performed as portable equipment (potentiostat) is available from several manufacturers, with some models incorporating built-in computer facilities. 

In addition to these smaller applications, fuel cells can be used in portable generators, such as those used to provide electricity for portable equipment. Thousands of portable fuel cell systems have been developed and operated worldwide, ranging from 1 watt to 1.5 kilowatts in power. The two primary technologies for portable applications are polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) designs. 

The lubricant requirements for motorcycles and small engines can be broadly split by their engine types i.e. two-stroke or four-stroke. Small engines cover lightweight portable equipment such as chainsaws through to applications such as personal... 

Whilst steps can be made to improve the two-stroke from an emission s standpoint, the four-stroke engine has become the dominant power unit for today s motorcycles. Two-strokes continue to be used in off-road/racing applications, small, <50 cc, scooters, boating and portable equipment. 

Enzyme immunoassay methods offer a biological-based detection technique which is complementary to that of traditional residue analysis. Potential advantages must be evaluated in light of the intended application— use in a nationwide program for quantitatively measuring pesticide residues in foods. Ideally, each EIA method would contain simple, rapid extraction and cleanup (if required) steps, require minimal or portable equipment, be usable in the field by individuals with little scientific training, and produce quantitative results. 

Speaking of military fuel cell applications, we must first point out the following. Most versions of fuel cell-based power plants are of ambivalent utility they are just as good for civil as for military purposes. Thus, the stationary power plants of different sizes used for unintermptible emergency power supplies for military objects such as forts, command centers, radar stations, and the like do not differ in any way from similar power plants for civil use in hospitals, telecommunications installations, computer centers of banks, and so on. Power plants for automotive land and water-bound means of transport are equally good for civil and for military vehicles. This is true, even more directly, for power sources intended to supply portable equipment. A lower volume and weight of all equipment carried by soldiers in combat (e.g., as a means of communication, as a means of orientation, as night-vision devices) is a very important point for land forces. 

Kureha Corporation has developed nongraphitizable carbons (so-called hard carbon) prepared from the cross-linked petroleum pitch for almost 20 years as an anode of the lithium-ion battery (LIB). However, in these years graphite is more popularly used as an anode of LIB of small portable equipment, such as cellular phones, digital cameras, and portable personal computers, because high-energy density is much more important in this type of application than long-life durability is. Hard carbon has been used only in the field of professional camcorders, satellites, and electric bikes because it seemed to be difficult to change a new battery at the end of its life. 

These precautions are simple and easy to take but they do provide a high level of protection in the use of portable equipment. They are as applicable at home as they are at work. 

Foams Foams are gas-filled bubbles formed from water-based and other materials. Foam applications primarily apply to flammable or combustible liquid spills and fires. The foam forms a layer that prevents vaporization of the liquid. They are sometimes used for Class A and Class B materials. Some foams are high expansion foams and can expand 100 to 1,000 times in volume. These foams can fill locations that are difficult to reach. Mixing nozzles or foam makers create the foam. Fixed foam systems can be actuated automatically. Aircraft rescue and industrial fires use portable equipment. The general design formula for high expansion foam systems for surface fires of flammable and combustible liquids with flash points above 100°F is... 

Dry powder application - Best for deep subsurface defects and is most convenient for field inspection with portable equipment. Best for rough surfaces. 

Most commercial Li-ion batteries powering portable equipment are required to function for 2-3 years only, although maintenance and proper usage have allowed their use for up to 8 years in some NASA-JSC applications on the International Space Station (ISS). 

Battery safety has been obviously given a special attention in this volume. Commercial lithium-ion cells and batteries are commonly used to power portable equipment, but they are also used to buildup larger batteries for ground (e.g. EVs), space and underwater applications. Chapter 17 provides test data on the safety of commercial lithium-ion cells and recommendations for safe design when these cells are used in much larger battery configurations. Chapter 18 focuses on safety aspects of LIBs at the cell and system level. In particular, abuse tolerance tests are explained with actual cell test data. Furthermore, internal short and lithium deposition occurring in lithium-ion cells and failure mechanism associated with them are discussed. In Chapter 19, the state of the art for safety optimization of all the battery elements is presented. This chapter also reports tests on not yet commercialized batteries, which pass all the security tests without the help of a BMS. 

With some exceptions, higher-temperature systems (MCFC, SOFC, PAFC) tend to be best suited for larger applications, while low-temperature systems (DMFC, PEMFC, AFC) can, in addition to units up to some hundred of kilowatts, be configured to provide as little as a few watts of power or less and hence be applied for portable equipment etc. (Fig. 20.7). 

The most common protection against mechanical damage is making the construction of the equipment sufficiently robust for its likely applications. For example, portable equipment used on construction sites will need to be able to withstand the very rough treatment commonly meted out by personnel who may not be very aware of the electrical risks. In contrast, electrical equipment designed for domestic use will usually not need to be... 

The manipulation and treatment of digitized spectra and automatic or semiautomatic identification using databases are of particular importance in this context. Interest is growing in these topics as new portable equipment is being used for in situ analysis in artwork, and in related fields such as extraterrestrial exploration, forensic sciences, or clinical applications [13,14]. 

FT-Raman spectrometers are now being superseded by polychromators equipped with CCD array detectors and NIR diode laser excitation. These instmments allow spectra to be measured in a few seconds. The new generation of instrumentation has helped to establish Raman spectroscopy as a routine analytical technique, with industrial process-control applications. Portable process Raman analysers enable both in-line and at-line measurements. 

Portable Applications. This is a rapidly expanding area as many new portable devices are being introduced which are designed to operate only with batteries or, in some instances such as laptop computers, to operate with either batteries or AC line power. Both primary and secondary batteries are used in these portable equipments depending on service Ufe and power requirements, convenience, cost and other factors discussed in Sec. 6.4. 

Applications Automobile starting, lighting and ignition, and large backup power supplies Industrial, and emergency power applications, communication equipment Applications including HEVs and EVs Portable and consumer electronic equipment, electric vehicles, and space apphcations Portable and consumer electronic equipment, electric vehicles, and space apphcations... 

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