Field Inspection

Undoubtedly, an important issue with MIC (and MID) is to find out if the corrosion (Wodeteriora-tion) is indeed related to microorganisms/macroorganisms. The basic level of detection is by field inspection. In this category, one may recognize between two approaches one that relies on visual characteristics of the corroded part and the collected corrosion products and another that is based on using the so-called rapid tests.  

A more advanced approach is by using methods and techniques whose main common point is that they are carried out under laboratory conditions. 

As will be seen here, all methods that are being used to detect MIC must be used in conjunction with other methods to make the results even more reliable. The main reason, of course, is the intrinsic weaknesses of all these techniques. 

We will look at these approaches in more detail below. 

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Our experiences with the software developed within the ANDES project have shown that CBR is a helpful methodology for use in the interpretation of NDT data from field inspections. Because CBR systems can adapt to new situations they can cope with inspection of varying constructions in varying conditions. However, because CBR systems learn from classifications made by the operator this means that they will not be very useful for completely automatic interpretation. Fortunately, most of the NDT inspection requires the presence of an operator because of the required high reliability. 

The HILL-SCAN 30XX boards can be used in different PCs. Desktop- and tower-PCs as well suited for laboratory uses. For in-field inspections rugged notebooks and portable PCs are advantageous. A typical portable system is shown in Fig. 2 (USPC 3010), used in MUSE (Mobile Ultrasonic Equipment). This portable PC not only contains the boards for ultrasonic testing but also a controller with power supply for stepper motors, so that a manipulator can be connected directly. The MUSE system is enlarged with a water circulation system which enables a local immersion technique" for in-field inspections. A typical result is shown in Fig. 3, which presents a D-scan of a CFRP- component in RTM-techniques. The defect area caused by an impact is clearly indicated. The manipulator is described in [3]. 

Hillger, W. Ultrasonic imaging of defects in Sandwich Composites -from laboratory reseach to in-field inspections, 7 " ECNDT 1998, Copenhagen, Conf. Proc. 

These tests generate several Gigabytes of data that are fed into a historical database. Although most of the analysis is performed automatically, human interaction is still needed to compare current and past data. Data are stored on optical CD S s from which the historical data bank are retrieved during field inspections from a mobile unit. Each of these is equipped with a CD-jukebox linked to an analysis station. The jukebox can handle 100 CD s, enough to store all previously recorded data. A dedicated software pre-fetches the historical data and compares it on-line with the newly acquired NDT-data. It is based on fuzzy algorithms applied to signal features. 

Data saving is realised on rewritable magneto-optical disks. Aftei field inspection, the complete datafile is... 

The visual field inspection of derrick or mast and substructure procedure is recommended for use by operating personnel (or a designated representative) to the extent that its use satisfies conditions for which an inspection is intended. A sample report form for this inspection procedure can be found in API Standard 4F. Forms are also available from International Association of Drilling Contractors (lADC). 

Frequency of Inspection. Field inspection of drilling, production, and workover hoisting equipment in an operating condition should be made on a regular basis. A thorough on-the-job shutdown inspection should be made on a periodic basis, typically at 90 to 120-day intervals, or as special circumstances may require. 

Critical loads may be experienced for example, severe loads, impact loads such as jarring, pulling on stuck pipe, and/or operating at low temperatures. If in the judgment of the supervisor a critical load has occurred, or may occur, an on-the-job shutdown inspection equivalent to the periodic field inspection should be conducted before and after the occurrence of such loading. If critical... 

API Recommended Practice 5A, First Edition API Recommended Practice for Field Inspection of New Casing, Tubing, and Plain-end Drill Pipe, April 1983. 

Conduct a field inspection to identify the congested areas. Normally, heavy vapors tend to move downhill. 

OSHA IMIS Records of workplace inspections, including those prompted by accidents where a worker is injured 1984-Present Information from OSHA field inspections, a third party More accurate description of impacts on employees and contractors Keyword indexing allows for easy search and retrieval Not comprehensive, limited to incidents selected by OSHA Inspections without abstracts cannot be keyword searched causal information unavailable Designed to assist compliance enforcement, not to report on incident causes Limited information from State-Plan states Not designed to be a lessons-leamed database... 

Bar joists have adequate lateral support to prevent the top chords of the joists from laterally buckling under the loads published in the manufacturer s load tables. For required resistance higher than the load tables or for plastic behavior of the joists, additional lateral bracing may be required. Evaluations should be based on as-built dimensions and field inspections at the elements and welds. If rebound resistance is required, additional uplift bridging may be required. 

After a field inspection is completed, any deficiencies found or recommendations for improvement are discussed with the investigator. This is followed by a written report. The investigator then may append any comments he may wish to make to the report. He signs and dates the report then sends it to his supervisor who signs and dates the report and returns it to the Quality Assurance auditor. 

By 1928, tractor cultivation was in experimental stages. Capital needs for equipment and recurring outlays for fuel prolonged the adoption of mechanized agriculture. However, the distribution, mechanical, and logistical difficulties associated with gas- or alcohol-powered rigs were soon overcome. Cultivation in sugarcane was based on field inspections for weeds and was usually required every 2 weeks. 

Sites are classified for current land use from the most recent set of aerial photography. One of six land use categories is applied. These will eventually need to be verified by field inspection. 

Table III indicates the number of dumps identified for one town in Monroe County before and after contact with local officials and field inspections. The findings illustrate that the methodology does not overestimate the number of dumps and possible dumps identified through photo interpretation. However, the process was able to identify approximately twice the number of dumps initially identified through a call-in campaign and preliminary interviews with the same local officials (10).

The United States has two nationally accepted codes the National Fire Protection Association s Lightning Protection Code (ANSI C5. 1), and the Underwriter s Laboratories Master Labeled Lightning Protection System (Standard UL 96A). The requirements of these two codes are quite similar and are probably equally utilized on structures throughout the nation. The major difference between the two is that the Master Label can be certified upon both a factory inspection and labeling of the lightning protection materials and upon performance of a field inspection by an authorized inspector. 

Number or frequency of negative findings in job safety evaluations, field inspections, audits of safe work practice implementation, and other safety-related audits X ... 

Vapour degreasing is an excellent way to obtain highly clean surfaces. The efficiency of cleaning can be checked by determining the coefficient of friction, in addition to dark-field-inspection, contact-angle and thin-film-adhesion measurements methods. High values are typical for clean surfaces [7]. 

In an attempt to establish whether chemical warfare agents had been used during the war, three United Nations missions (in 1984, 1986, and 1987) conducted field inspections, clinical examination of casualties, and laboratory analyses of chemical ammunition. The missions concluded that16... 

Information from OSHA field inspections, a third party... 

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