Animal oils distillation

Palmitic acid is present as cetyl ester in spermaceti from which, by hydrolysis, the acid may be obtained it is present in bee s wax as the mehssic ester and in most vegetable and animal oils and fats, in greater or lesser amounts, as glyceryl tripalmitate or as mixed esters, along with stearic and oleic adds, Palmitic acid is separated from stearic and oleic acids by fractional vacuum distillation and by fractional crystallization. With NaOH, palmitic add forms sodium palmitate, a soap, Most soaps are mixtures of sodium stearate, palmitate, and oleate. 

Halogenated compounds Fluochloro hydrocarbons with 5 to 50 C atoms chlorinated hydrocarbons Vegetable oils waxes, mineral oils plus their sulfated derivatives (including those of animal oils and fats) Lubrication-oil and grease distillation vegetable-protein glues... 

Raw materials. It is possible to use any fatty acid as a feed material for sulphonation but economic considerations dictate that oleochemical material be preferred. Fatty acids are readily obtained from vegetable and animal oils and fats which are fatty acid triglycerides. These are transesterified to generate glycerol and three moles of a fatty acid ester, normally a methyl ester. The methyl ester can be distilled to give a specific cut and the fatty acid finally isolated by hydrolysis or hydrogenation of the ester. It is common to use animal fats (tallow) in which case the dominant C chains are 16 and 18. 

Mercaptans and alkyl sulfides are the sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively. They can be characterized by their extremely unpleasant odor. These compounds play an important role in biological systems as well as in the application of chemistry to everyday life. Some of the alkyl sulfides are found in many plant and animal oils, and are minor components of petroleum distillates, shale oil, and coal tar. 

Xylenes— Xylols—CsHio.—Pour isomeres areimssible and are known ethyl-benzene, CaHt,CaH,—and ortho-(1—2), meta- (1—3), and para- (1—4), dimethyl-benzenes, C H<(CH9)a. Ethylbenzene is a colorless oil, boiling at 134° (273°.2 P.), obtained by fractional distillation of animal oil. The three dimethyl benzenes exist in coal-tar and in the commercial xylene, which boils at 139° (282°.2 P.), 70 consisting of metaxylene, and paraxylene being present in very small amount. 

However, used oil does not include antifreeze, kerosene, vegetable and animal oil, or petroleum distillates used as solvents, or bottom clean-out waste from pure fuel oil storage tanks or pure fuel oil recovered from a spill. 

Basic raw-material processors extract and refine crude oil into petrochemicals such as petroleum oil distillates including paraffins, benzene, and other basic aromatics and extract and convert natural gas into ethylene and propylene. Processors of oleochemicals extract and purify seed oils from palm, soybean, sunflower seed, palm kernel, and coconut, and render animal fats such as tallow to provide triglyceride oils with varying chain distributions. 

However, chemists were far less successful when they attempted to further analyze the extracted plant substances in order to establish knowledge about their elemental composition. Not only flour, which aroused Rousseau s objections, but all kinds of substances separated from plants or animals posed difficulties to elemental analysis. The pre-Lavoisierian chemists were well aware of these difficulties and of the uncertainty of their knowledge about the elemental composition of plant and animal materials. When they submitted different kinds of plant and animal materials to dry distillation—which was the standard analytical method for elemental analysis prior to Lavoisier s introduction of the combustion method—they always obtained very similar analytical products, such as empyreumatic oils, volatile acids, insipid waters, fixed salts, and earths. In 1749, Pierre Joseph Macquer described the problems with respect to the vegetable and animal oils. Based on elemental analysis by dry distillation, Macquer claimed that oils were composed of phlogiston, water, an acid, and a certain quantity of earth. Yet he also added that there may have been other principles contained in oils that had escaped his attention. The sole means that would have allowed chemists to be reassured about their analytical results—the resynthesis of the original compound from the analytical products—was barred in plant and animal chemistry as Macquer conceded ... 

When heated with small amounts of iodine, rosins, taU. oil, and other wood products are converted to more stable forms (135,136). Iodine has been used with some tin salts as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of coal (qv) and its distillation products (137,138), and has been recommended as a catalyst for the production of drying oils (qv) from unsaturated animal fats (139,140). 

Solvent Extraction. Extraction processes, used for separating one substance from another, are commonly employed in the pharmaceutical and food processing industries. Oilseed extraction is the most widely used extraction process on the basis of tons processed. Extraction-grade hexane is the solvent used to extract soybeans, cottonseed, com, peanuts, and other oilseeds to produce edible oils and meal used for animal feed supplements. Tight specifications require a narrow distillation range to minimize solvent losses as well as an extremely low benzene content. The specification also has a composition requirement, which is very unusual for a hydrocarbon, where the different components of the solvent must be present within certain ranges (see Exthaction). 

The decanted aqueous phase was extracted three times with a total of 150 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic solutions were filtered over Clarcel and extracted three times with a total of 150 ml of an Iced normal aqueous methane-sulfonic acid solution. The combined acid extracts were rendered alkaline on an ice bath with 30 ml of ION caustic soda solution. The separated oil was extracted four times with a total of 200 ml of ether. The combined ethereal extracts were washed twelve times with a totai of 360 ml of distilled water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate in the presence of 0.3 g of animal charcoal and evaporated under reduced pressure on a water bath at 40°C. The oily residue obtained (3.8 g) was dissolved in 30 ml of boiling acetonitrile. After cooling for 2 hours at 3°C, the crystals formed were separated, washed with 5 ml of acetonitrile and dried at ambient temperature at low pressure. 

The raw materials for the manufacture of soap, the alkali salts of saturated and unsaturated C10-C20 carboxylic acids, are natural fats and fatty oils, especially tallow oil and other animal fats (lard), coconut oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, and even olive oil. In addition, the tall oil fatty acids, which are obtained in the kraft pulping process, are used for soap production. A typical formulation of fats for the manufacture of soap contains 80-90% tallow oil and 10-20% coconut oil [2]. For the manufacture of soft soaps, the potassium salts of fatty acids are used, as are linseed oil, soybean oil, and cottonseed oil acids. High-quality soap can only be produced by high-quality fats, independent of the soap being produced by saponification of the natural fat with caustic soda solution or by neutralization of distilled fatty acids, obtained by hydrolysis of fats, with soda or caustic soda solutions. Fatty acids produced by paraffin wax oxidation are of inferior quality due to a high content of unwanted byproducts. Therefore in industrially developed countries these fatty acids are not used for the manufacture of soap. This now seems to be true as well for the developing countries. 

In most of today s ethanol plants for the conversion of wheat, rye and corn, the required thermal energy is provided by natural gas, heavy fuel oil or coal. The protein-rich by-products of ethanol plants are referred to as dried distillers grains with solubles , abbreviated as DDGS, and are mostly used for animal fodder. Alternatively, they can be converted to biogas for heat and electricity production. The resulting residue can then be used as fertiliser (see Table 7.16). 

Pure concentrated sulphuric acid (100 g.) and freshly distilled aniline (31 g. =0-33 mole) are gradually mixed with shaking in a dry flask and the mixture is heated at 180°-190° in an oil bath until sodium hydroxide no longer liberates aniline from a sample diluted with water (four to five hours). The reaction mixture is cooled somewhat and then poured with stirring into cold water. Sulphanilic acid crystallises, is collected at the filter pump, washed with water, and recrystallised from water with addition of animal charcoal. Yield 30-35 g. 

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