Olympic Games

Stoddart and coworkers [112-115] cyclized bis(bipyridyl)s in the presence of crown ethers to obtain a [2]catenane at a yield of 70%. It is illustrated in Fig. 37. The high yield can be attributed to the 7i-donor-acceptor interaction between the ring and the axle. It was shown that one of the two intercrossed rings moves around the other. The group of Stoddart [116-118] reported [3-5] catenanes (see Fig. 38 for [3]catenane). The [5]catenane of Stoddart et al. [118] was named olympiadane , because it resembles the symbol logo of International Olympic Games, as seen in Fig. 39. 

The following passage is adapted from a magazine article entitled The Revival of the Olympic Games Restoring the Stadium at Athens, published prior to the first modern Olympics. 

The modem Olympics were devised by men for men in 1896 anything else would have been quite shocking. Nevertheless a woman did, it is claimed, mn unofficially with the 25 male competitors in that first marathon. It was not until the Amsterdam Olympics of 1928 that three track events - the 100 m, 800 m and 4 x 100 m relay - were opened to women, together with the discus and high jump. Ai it turned out, this first women s Olympic 800 m event was to set back the course of women s athletics by many years since some of the participants in that race collapsed. Although the failures probably resulted from inadequate preparation (as they would have done for male athletes) they inevitably received more publicity than the winner, Lina Radke, from Germany. This provided support for the view that women should not be allowed to participate in such events. Indeed the 800 m event for women was not reinstated until the 1960 Olympic Games. 

Propanolol, as mentioned before, is sometimes prescribed (though not FDA approved for) the treatment of migraine. It has also been taken by musicians and actors in order to relieve performance jitters. This drug has been specifically prohibited in the Olympic games wherein it is used for fine performance events like marksmanship in the pentathalon. 

In 1980, video signals were carried by optical fibers 2 4 miles (4 kilometers) for the Winter Olympic Games in Lake Placid, New Yotk. The first long-haul intercity installations (AT T, Washington-New York New York-Boston) were made in 1983. After that, the capacity of fiber optic transmission systems increased exponentially. Despite this progress, the fundamental limits predicted by the physics of photonics materials, devices, and systems have not yet been approached (Kogelnik). The challenge of future research and development continues to be a fuller exploitation of the ultimate capacity of optical fibers. 

Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson (1961- ) tests positive for anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) at the Seoul Olympic games and forfeits his gold medal to the second-place finisher, American Carl Lewis (1961-). 

Although banned by the IOC in 1974, AASs have been continued to be used. Among the more notable examples is the disqualification of Ben Johnson at the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. Johnson, whose urine contained metabolites of the anabolic steroid stanazalol, had won the 100-meter dash gold medal in world record time. He was disqualified and his medal returned. Johnson was subsequently banned for life following another positive test, of another nature (discussed later), in 1993. 

Extensive drug screening is done at many athletic events, such as the Olympic Games. Usually, separate analyses, using different extraction procedures, are done for stimulants, narcotics, anabolic steroids, diuretics, and peptide hormones. In the analysis for stimulants, which are amines such as amphetamine and cocaine, a 5 rnL urine sample is first made basic with K.OH to ensure that the amines are present as the neutral molecules rather than as salts. The free amines are then extracted from the sample with diethyl ether. To save time and expense, the sample is first analyzed by gas chromatography only. If a peak appears with the retention time of one of the proscribed stimulants, then the sample is reanalyzed by GC/MS to confirm the identity of the suspected compound. 

Let me draw an analogy to illustrate this point. In order to qualify for participation in the Olympic games athletes must meet certain qualification requirements. They must achieve certain results. Do the athletic associations who set the requirements determine who the participants will be Can we charge them with subjectivism Well, they certainly have influence on who the participants will be. If they set higher requirements, there will be fewer participants. If they set the requirements lower, more athletes will qualify. But they do not determine the list of athletes who will participate. It is not up to them what results the athletes achieve in the years before the competition. So the selection process is objective. To accuse internal realism of subjectivism would be wrong for the same sort of reason as the charge of subjectivism raised against the athletic associations. 

Fig. 13 Solid-state structure of Olympiadane, [82] which shares its topology with the logo of the Olympic games...

Team size will vary according to the mission assignment. Strike teams, a concept developed during the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympic Games, are five- to six-member squads, usually made up of medical personnel that have the capability to move quickly into an affected area to provide limited medical treatment and assessment. A full team deployment is expected to be 33 to 35 personnel and is made up of medical, technical, and support personnel. The full team is usually the configuration that is used for a large event such as a hurricane or an earthquake (Wallace, 2002 see Figure 2.6). 

Thompson, J. M., Savoia, G., Powell, G., Challis, E. B., Law, P. (1991). Level of medical care required at mass gatherings The XV Winter Olympic games in Calgary, Canada. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 20, 385-390. 

---