77-Amyl acetate

Amyl acetate ( -mil AS-uh-tate) is a colorless liquid with a distinctive banana-like flavor and odor. Three major isomers of amyl acetate exist normal (rc-amyl), secondary Uec-amyl), and isoamyl (3-methyl-i-butyl) acetate. Isomers are two or more forms of a chemical compound with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas and different chemical and physical properties. As an example, the boiling points of the three isomers of amyl acetate are 149.2°C (300.6°F), 142.o°C (287.6° ), and 140.o°C (284.0° ), respectively. Although the amyl acetates are probably best known as flavoring agents because of their distinctive banana-like flavor, they all have a number of interesting industrial applications also. 

The amyl acetates are made industrially in essentially the same way they are made in a high school or college chemistry 

Amyt acetate. Red atoms are oxygen black atoms are carbon and white atoms are hydrogen. Gray stick indicates a double 

Amyl acetate is used as a flavoring agent in the United States and several other countries. It is often blended with other esters to produce flavors that are more fruity and rounded. The compound is also used to flavor products such as chewing gum. 

Some applications of amyl acetate depend on its distinctive banana-like odor. The compound may be used, for example, to cover up the unpleasant odors present in certain products, 

Manufacture of weed-killing compounds and fire-retardant compositions 

Toxicology. Ammonium sulfamate is of low toxicity there are no reports of systemic effects in humans. 

Synonyms Amyl acetic ether pentyl acetate 

As a solvent in lacquers, paints, leather polishes, inks, adhesives, degreasers, and cosmetics 

Toxicology. -Amyl acetate is an irritant of mucous membranes at high concentrations it 

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Amyl N-amyl Sec-amyl Amyl acetate Amyl acetate [628-63-7]... 

Amyl acetates Amyl alcohol Amyl alcohol [71-41-0]... 

Cellulosics. CeUulosic adhesives are obtained by modification of cellulose [9004-34-6] (qv) which comes from cotton linters and wood pulp. Cellulose can be nitrated to provide cellulose nitrate [9004-70-0] which is soluble in organic solvents. When cellulose nitrate is dissolved in amyl acetate [628-63-7] for example, a general purpose solvent-based adhesive which is both waterproof and flexible is formed. Cellulose esterification leads to materials such as cellulose acetate [9004-35-7], which has been used as a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape backing. Cellulose can also be ethoxylated, providing hydroxyethylceUulose which is useful as a thickening agent for poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion adhesives. Etherification leads to materials such as methylceUulose [9004-67-5] which are soluble in water and can be modified with glyceral [56-81-5] to produce adhesives used as wallpaper paste (see Cellulose esters Cellulose ethers). 

Antibiotics. Solvent extraction is an important step in the recovery of many antibiotics (qv) such as penicillin [1406-05-9] streptomycin [57-92-17, novobiocin [303-81-1J, bacitracin [1405-87-4] erythromycin, and the cephalosporins. A good example is in the manufacture of penicillin (242) by a batchwise fermentation. Amyl acetate [628-63-7] or -butyl acetate [123-86-4] is used as the extraction solvent for the filtered fermentation broth. The penicillin is first extracted into the solvent from the broth at pH 2.0 to 2.5 and the extract treated with a buffet solution (pH 6) to obtain a penicillin-rich solution. Then the pH is again lowered and the penicillin is re-extracted into the solvent to yield a pure concentrated solution. Because penicillin degrades rapidly at low pH, it is necessary to perform the initial extraction as rapidly as possible for this reason centrifugal extractors are generally used. 

Emulsives are solutions of toxicant in water-immiscible organic solvents, commonly at 15 ndash 50%, with a few percent of surface-active agent to promote emulsification, wetting, and spreading. The choice of solvent is predicated upon solvency, safety to plants and animals, volatility, flammabiUty, compatibihty, odor, and cost. The most commonly used solvents are kerosene, xylenes and related petroleum fractions, methyl isobutyl ketone, and amyl acetate. Water emulsion sprays from such emulsive concentrates are widely used in plant protection and for household insect control. 

The first satisfactory photographic film was produced in 1888 when gelatin-dispersed microcrystals of silver haUde were coated on celluloid sheets (23). Within a year George Eastman prepared and marketed toU films on a base produced by dissolving nitrocellulose with camphor and amyl acetate in methanol (qv). 

Esterification. Extensive commercial use is made of primary amyl acetate, a mixture of 1-pentyl acetate [28-63-7] and 2-metliylbutyl acetate [53496-15-4]. Esterifications with acetic acid are generally conducted in the Hquid phase in the presence of a strong acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid (34). Increased reaction rates are reported when esterifications are carried out in the presence of heteropoly acids supported on macroreticular cation-exchange resins (35) and 2eohte (36) catalysts in a heterogeneous process. Judging from the many patents issued in recent years, there appears to be considerable effort underway to find an appropriate soHd catalyst for a reactive distillation esterification process to avoid the product removal difficulties of the conventional process. 

Another significant appHcation for amyl alcohols is for production of amyl acetates. Production of amyl acetates in 1987 is estimated to have been 4.5-5.5 X 10 t about 50% of the domestic demand is for lacquers (150). Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company Inc. is the only U.S. producer. 

The principal component of primary amyl alcohol, 1-pentanol, although itself a good solvent, is useful for the preparation of specific chemicals such as pharmaceuticals and other synthetics (153,154). Production of primary amyl acetate and its esters for solvent appHcations has seen low growth since the 1970s because of the decline of nitroceUulose lacquers and the introduction of new solvent systems. 

Riboflavin forms fine yellow to orange-yeUow needles with a bitter taste from 2 N acetic acid, alcohol, water, or pyridine. It melts with decomposition at 278—279°C (darkens at ca 240°C). The solubihty of riboflavin in water is 10—13 mg/100 mL at 25—27.5°C, and in absolute ethanol 4.5 mg/100 mL at 27.5°C it is slightly soluble in amyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, amyl acetate, and phenol, but insoluble in ether, chloroform, acetone, and benzene. It is very soluble in dilute alkah, but these solutions are unstable. Various polymorphic crystalline forms of riboflavin exhibit variations in physical properties. In aqueous nicotinamide solution at pH 5, solubihty increases from 0.1 to 2.5% as the nicotinamide concentration increases from 5 to 50% (9). 

Esters of medium volatility are capable of removing the water formed by distillation. Examples are propyl, butyl, and amyl formates, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and amyl acetates, and the methyl and ethyl esters of propionic, butyric, and valeric acids. In some cases, ternary azeotropic mixtures of alcohol, ester, and water are formed. This group is capable of further subdivision with ethyl acetate, all of the ester is removed as a vapor mixture with alcohol and part of the water, while the balance of the water accumulates in the system. With butyl acetate, on the other hand, all of the water formed is removed overhead with part of the ester and alcohol, and the balance of the ester accumulates as a high boiler in the system. 

Amnioniii Benzene Acetic, ncid Carbon monoxide Methane (lire damp) Iso-amyl acetate Butane n-Bulyl alcohol n-Propyl alcohol Butanol Methanol n-Hexane Turpentine Mineral oils Cycio hexene ... 

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