Active amyl acetate

Emulsives are solutions of toxicant in water-immiscible organic solvents, commonly at 15 ndash 50%, with a few percent of surface-active agent to promote emulsification, wetting, and spreading. The choice of solvent is predicated upon solvency, safety to plants and animals, volatility, flammabiUty, compatibihty, odor, and cost. The most commonly used solvents are kerosene, xylenes and related petroleum fractions, methyl isobutyl ketone, and amyl acetate. Water emulsion sprays from such emulsive concentrates are widely used in plant protection and for household insect control. 

SO as to end the air mixture to adsorber No. 2. The system is then fully automatic. Solvents which have been successfully recovered by the activated carbon adsorption method include methanol, ethanol, butanol, chlorinated hydrocarbons including perchlorethylene, which boils at 121 C (250 °F), ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, the acetates up to amyl acetate, benzene, toluene, xylene, mineral spirits, naphtha, gasoline, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, hexane, carbon disulfide, and others. 

Vapor composition trends are again anticipated by calculation for nonane-methyl isoamyl ketone blends in Figure 11. Predicted compositions are less exact for the 50 wt % blends than for the blends containing both more and less nonane. This is typified by the plot in Figure 12 where experimental and calculated vapor and liquid compositions are each compared. Deviations observed are in line with deviations in isotherm representation high nonane, low ketone activities at high solvent levels, and low nonane activity at low solvent levels. Data for nonane-methyl amyl acetate blends compare closely with calculated values in Figures 13 and 14. 

Plates from amyl acetate or water Or 30% methanol- mp 119 5-121 amyl acetate 7 g/100 ml Also sol in chloroform ether, acetone methanol ethanol, other common organic solvents except satd hydrocarbons. Relatively heat-stable acid-stable destroyed by boding in aq soln at pH 7 for 1 hr but shows no loss of activity after 15 min boiling. At pH 2 it is not destroyed by boiling for 1 hr Rapidly inactivated at room temp by dil alkali with the formation of a volatile fragrant ketone, 2 4-drme thy (cyclohexanone Extremely repel tan r to rats. LD j t.v. in mice 150 mg/kg, Leach et of. loc, cit. 

Compact prisms or thick plates from ether or chloroform, Dip 111.0. uv max 276.5 nm (Bergel, loc. cit). Sol in water and the common organic solvents except pair ether very sol in ethyl or amyl acetate. Unstable in alkali with loss of biological activity. LDm s.c. in mice 10-15 mg/kg (Kinosita, Shikata). 

Boch, R., Shearer, D.A. and Stone, B.C. (1962). Identification of iso-amyl acetate as an active component in the sting pheromone of the honey bee. Nature 195,1018-1020. 

Figure 4. Comparison of concentration-response functions for amyl acetate derived from psychophysical and electrophysiological measures of response. The partially overlapping curves are for the rat—one was generated by rats performing on an odor choice apparatus (24) while the other reflects the massed responses of receptor nerve bundles (45). The remaining curve is the averaged multiunit activity of the rabbit olfactory bulb (46).

The /-butane chemical ionization spectra of benzyl acetate and t-amyl acetate have been investigated at a number of temperatures, and the rate constants for the decomposition of the protonated esters to benzyl and r-amyl ions, respectively, have been obtained at the several temperatures from (41) to (42). It is found that the rate constants obey the Arrhenius relationship, and this is illustrated in Fig. 5. Activation energies and frequency factors obtained from the Arrhenius plots are given in Table XIV. 

With the development in the fermentation broth of concentrations of the order of 500 O.U./cu. cm. total penicillin (80 per cent penicillin-G), the concentration procedures have not required adsorption on activated carbon (158). A presently recommended flowsheet (89) involves continuous, countercurrent, multistage extraction of the filtered and acidified (pH 2 to 2.15) broth with a one-fifth volume of amyl acetate in the centrifugal extractor at room temperature similar extraction into a volume of cold buffer solution (pH 6.8 to 7.0) acidification to pH 2 and reextraction into a K... 

More recently Webb et al. (1952) reported no isopropyl alcohol in a wine fusel oil sample. They did find 4.1% n-propyl, 1.9% n-butyl, 4.9% ( — )-sec-butyl, 18.3% isobutyl, 9.6% ( —)-2-methyl-l-butanol, 54% isoamyl, trace of n-amyl, 1.5% n-hexyl, 5.6% esters, and traces of acetic and butyric acids and acetal. The esters included 0.19% ethyl caproate, 0.60% ethyl caprylate, 0.52% isoamyl caprylate, 1.32% ethyl caprate, 0.38% isobutyl caprate, 0.58% ethyl laurate, 0.25% ethyl palmitate, a trace of butyrate ester, 0.06% myristate ester. Probably present were methyl salicylate, isoamyl caprate, active amyl caproate, isoamyl caproate, active amyl caprylate, isobutyl caprylate, active amyl caprate, active amyl laurate, and isoamyl laurate. 

Amyl acetate is used as an active solvent in nitrocellulose, cellulose esters, and cellulose ethers lacquers. Addition of ethanol to the amyl acetate enhances its solvency for these resins. The 2-ethyl hexyl acetate dissolves nitrocellulose and many other natural and synthetic resins. This slow evaporating solvent is useful in brushing and dipping lacquer applications. Cyclohexyl acetate is a useful solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose ethers in spray and brushing lacquer applications. 

Acetaldehyde Methanol Ethanol Ethyl acetate n-Propanol Isobutanol Active amyl alcohol... 

Some form of activated carbon is used in these processes rather than silica- and alumina-base adsorbents, because of carbon s selectivity for organic vapors in the presence of water. Typical solvents, which can be recovered from air streams by activated carbon, include hydrocarbons such as naphtha or petroleum ether methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, and other alcohols chlorinated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, and propylene dichloridc esters. such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, and amyl acetate acetone and other ketones ethers aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene carbon disulfide, and many other compounds. 

Clitocyblne. Aqueous extract (88) of sporophores of Clitocyhe gigantea (Ft. ex Sow.) was active against S. aureus, Escherichia coli, M. tuberculosis, Eberthella typhosa. Brucella abortus, and BaeSlus pyocyaneus in paper disc tests. Clitocybine could be extracted from the aqueous solution by ether. It was soluble in water, chloroform, ether, acetone, and amyl acetate. Clitocybine seems to be an acidic substance stable in acid and neutral solution and at 40-50°C. but destroyed at 70-80 °C. The purified preparation was not toxic for gtdnea pigs and apparently cured them of tuberculosis. 

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