Ammonium phosphate-nitrate

Nitrogen solutions consist of fertilizer product combinations, eg, ammonium nitrate —ammonia, urea—ammonium nitrate—ammonia, urea—ammonium nitrate, and urea—ammonia solutions. Mixed fertilizers cover a broad range and can be loosely defined as fertilizers which contain chemically mixed nitrogen, phosphoms, and potassium (N—P—K). Examples are ammonium phosphate—potash mixtures and ammonium phosphate nitrates. 

Mixed with additives, urea is used in soHd fertilizers of various formulations, eg, urea—ammonium phosphate (UAP), urea—ammonium sulfate (UAS), and urea—phosphate (urea + phosphoric acid). Concentrated solutions of urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) solutions (80—85 wt%) have a high nitrogen content but low crystallization point, suitable for easy transportation, pipeline distribution, and direct spray appHcation. 

Production of nitric phosphates is not expected to expand rapidly ia the near future because the primary phosphate exporters, especially ia North Africa and the United States, have moved to ship upgraded materials, wet-process acid, and ammonium phosphates, ia preference to phosphate rock. The abundant supply of these materials should keep suppHers ia a strong competitive position for at least the short-range future. Moreover, the developiag countries, where nitric phosphates would seem to be appealing for most crops except rice, have already strongly committed to production of urea, a material that blends compatibly with sulfur-based phosphates but not with nitrates. 

Some commonly used primary nutrient fertilizers are incidentally also rich sources of calcium. Ordinary superphosphate contains monocalcium phosphate and gypsum in amounts equivalent to all of the calcium originally present in the phosphate rock. Triple superphosphate contains soluble monocalcium phosphate equivalent to essentially all the P2 5 product. Other fertilizers rich in calcium are calcium nitrate [10124-37-5] calcium ammonium nitrate [39368-85-9] and calcium cyanamide [156-62-7]. The popular ammonium phosphate-based fertilizers are essentially devoid of calcium, but, in view of the natural calcium content of soils, this does not appear to be a problem. 

The neutralization of acids is of commercial importance. Three principal fertilizers, ammonium nitrate [6484-32-2], NH NO, ammonium sulfate [7782-20-2], (NH 2S04, and ammonium phosphate [10361-65-6], (NH PO, are made by reaction of the respective acids with ammonia. 

Sodium nitrate is used as a fertiliser and in a number of industrial processes. In the period from 1880—1910 it accounted for 60% of the world fertiliser nitrogen production. In the 1990s sodium nitrate accounts for 0.1% of the world fertiliser nitrogen production, and is used for some specific crops and soil conditions. This decline has resulted from an enormous growth in fertiliser manufacture and an increased use of less expensive nitrogen fertilisers (qv) produced from synthetic ammonia (qv), such as urea (qv), ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates, ammonium sulfate, and ammonia itself (see Ammonium compounds). The commercial production of synthetic ammonia began in 1921, soon after the end of World War I. The main industrial market for sodium nitrate was at first the manufacture of nitric acid (qv) and explosives (see Explosives and propellants). As of the mid-1990s sodium nitrate was used in the production of some explosives and in a number of industrial areas. 

A number of products are being marketed under the trade name POLYON. These include coated basic fertilizer materials, ie, urea, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, and iron sulfate, in various particle sizes. Coatings weights on urea vary from 1.5 to 15%, depending on the release duration desired. Table 6 Hsts typical products. 

Instead of using sulfuric or phosphoric acid, nitric acid can be used to treat the phosphate lock to produce calcium nitrate fertilizer. Instead of neutralizing phosphoric acid with calcium which is useless, ammonia can be used to give ammonium phosphate, hence, two fertilizing elements. 

AMMO 2.5 EC , cypermetlu-in, 13 Ammonia, 13 Ammonium acetate, 13 Ammonium arsenate, 13 Ammonium benzoate, 13 Ammonium bicarbonate, 13 Ammonium bifluoride, 14 Ammonium bisulfite, 14 Ammonium carbamate, 14 Ammonium carbonate, 14 Ammonium chloride, 14 Ammonium chlorplatmate, 14 Ammonium clu omate, 14 Ammonium citrate, 14 Ammonium diclu omate, 14 Ammonium fluoride, 14 Ammonium fomiate, 15 Ammonium hexafluorosilicate, 15 Ammonium hydroxide, 15 Ammonium metavanadate, 15 Ammonium molybdate, 15 Ammonium nitrate, 15 Ammonium oxalate, 15 Ammonium perfluorooctanoate, 15 Ammonium persulfate, 15 Ammonium phosphate, 15 Ammonium picrate, 16 Ammonium salicylate, 16... 

Nitrogen sources include proteins, such as casein, zein, lactalbumin protein hydrolyzates such proteoses, peptones, peptides, and commercially available materials, such as N-Z Amine which is understood to be a casein hydrolyzate also corn steep liquor, soybean meal, gluten, cottonseed meal, fish meal, meat extracts, stick liquor, liver cake, yeast extracts and distillers solubles amino acids, urea, ammonium and nitrate salts. Such inorganic elements as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium and chlorides, sulfates, phosphates and combinations of these anions and cations in the form of mineral salts may be advantageously used in the fermentation. 

The major end use of ammonia is the fertilizer field for the production of urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium phosphate, and sulfate. Anhydrous ammonia could be directly applied to the soil as a fertilizer. Urea is gaining wide acceptance as a slow-acting fertilizer. 

Ammonia synthesis is the second largest chemical process, after the production of sulfuric acid (see also Chapter 1). It accounts for about 1 % of the total human-related energy consumption. Roughly 80 % of the ammonia produced is used for fertilizers (either as liquid ammonia or as more easily handled salts such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, etc.) and, as such, ammonia synthesis is indispensable for our society. Other applications of ammonia are nitrogen-containing... 

Elemental species inorganic moieties such as nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, methylmercury, monobutyltin, dibutyltin, tributyltin, trimethyl lead, Cr(III), Cr(VI). Se(IV), Se(VI)... 

Speciated Components Little information is available for RMs with respect to the chemical forms or species in which elements occur. In the first approximation, bioavaila-ble, extractable, or leachable levels of elements are of interest. Secondly, at a higher degree of sophistication, data on the levels of the actual species or inorganic moieties such as nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, bromide, bromate, iodide, iodate, and molecular species of which the elements are constituents would be of relevance to those conducting mechanistic and speciation research. Reference materials that are certified for extractable elemental concentrations are not available to monitor the usual procedures in soil science based on extraction. 

T. S. Gahoonia, N. Claassen, and A. Jungk, Mobilisation of phosphate in different soils by ryegrass supplied with ammonium or nitrate. Plant and Soil 740 241 (1992). 

M. C. Drew, Comparison of the effects of a localized supply of phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and potassium on the growth of the seminal root system, and the shoot, in barley. New Pliyiol. 75 479 (1975). 

An enormous quantity of ammonium nitrate is produced annually primarily for use a fertilizer and also as an explosive. Ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, and urea are also used as nitrogen-containing fertilizers. They are produced by the reactions... 

Fig. 5 Main contamination sources identified by PCA for sediments, fish, and suface water in the Ebro River basin, and explained variances for each principal component. Variable identification. Organic compounds in sediments 1, summatory of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) 2, summa-tory of DDTs (DDTs) 3, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) 4, hexachlorobutadiene (HCBu) 5, summatory of trichlorobenzenes (TCBs) 6, naphthalene 7, fluoranthene 8, benzo(a)pyrene 9, benzo(b) fluoranthene 10, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 11, benzo(k)fluoranthene 12, indene(l,2,3-cd)pyrene. Organic compounds in fish 1, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) 2, summatory of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) 3, o,p-DDD 4, o,p-DDE 5, o,p-DDT 6, p,p-DDD 7, />,/>DDE 8, />,/>DDT 9, summatory of DDTs (DDTs) 10, summatory of trichlorobenzenes (TCBs) 11, hexachlorobutadiene (HCBu) 12, fish length. Physico-chemical parameters in water 1, alkalinity 2, chlorides 3, cyanides 4, total coliforms 5, conductivity at 20°C 6, biological oxygen demand 7, chemical oxygen demand 8, fluorides 9, suspended matter 10, total ammonium 11, nitrates 12, dissolved oxygen 13, phosphates 14, sulfates 15, water temperature 16, air temperature...

Vertical profiles of O2 and particulate and dissolved trace metal concentrations at 32.5°E and 44.5°N in the Black Sea. (a) Temperature, salinity, fluorescence, and O2 (b) ammonium, silica, nitrate+nitrite, and phosphate (c) Fe (d) Mn (e) Co (f) Pb (g) Cu (h) Zn (I) Cd and Ni. In the trace metal profiles, the dissolved concentrations are represented as solid circles, the total particulate concentrations by open circles, the acid-leachable particulate concentrations by open squares, and the suspended particulate matter concentrations by the solid triangles. Source-. After Tankere, S. P. C., et al. (2001). Continental Shelf Research, 21, 1501-1532. 

Synthetic hydroxyapatite prepared by mixing stoichiometric amounts of aqueous solutions of calcium nitrate and ammonium phosphate was used in this study. The pH of the boiling suspension was maintained at about 10 by flowing a mixture of NH and throughout the precipitation process. The precipitate was repeatedly washed until the conductivity of the supernatant liquid was observed to be constant. The washed sample was freeze-dried and analyzed. An elemental analysis of the batch preparation showed the Ca/P molar to be ratio 1.64, with the predominant impurity being 2... 

The effect of phosphate on alkaloid production has also been evaluated (138). Using a modified induction medium devoid of phosphate and other essential growth factors, production of secondary compounds was more rapid than when phosphate was present. A broader study of the phenomenon has been reported by a French group (139) where, using three alkaloids as markers, the disappearance of the major nutrients from the medium and the evolution of phosphates, nitrates, ammonium ions, glucose, and starch in the cells were observed over time. It was not possible to relate alkaloid accumulation to the appearance or disappearance of any one metabolite in particular. However, other workers have found that the rate of biomass accumulation was directly related to the rate of formation of cellular serpentine (40) (140). 

Table 4.1 gives the use profile for ammonia. It can be applied directly for fertilizer or made into other nitrogen-containing compounds used for fertilizer such as urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, and nitric acid. Overall approximately 80% of ammonia has an end use as fertilizer. Explosives, a second important end use, made from ammonia are ammonium nitrate and, via nitric acid, the nitroglycerin used in dynamite. Chemical intermediates include acrylonitrile and caprolactam, which eventually go into fibers. 

Ammonium Formate Ammonium Hydrosulfide Ammonium Molybdate Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Phosphate, Dibasic Ammonium Phosphate, Monobasic. .. Barium Hydroxide Ammonium Phosphate, Monobasic Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Sulfide Ammonium Thiocyanate Ammonium Thiosulfate Antimony... 

The electrical conductivities of soln. of a great many compounds in liquid hydrogen halides have been measured by E. H. Archibald and D. McIntosh. The conductivity is raised considerably by phosphoryl chloride. Sodium sodium sulphide, borate, phosphate, nitrate, thiosulphate, and arsenate chromic anhydride potassium nitrate, hydroxide, chromate, sulphide, bisulphate, and ferro- and ferri- cyanide ammonium fluoride and carbonate j rubidium and caesium chloride magnesium sulphate calcium fluoride ... 

Under salts, el cetera, are included malic acid and gum, nitrogenous "subatanoes, fatty matters, aromatic substances, coloring matters, essential oil, chlorophyle, malamide, oxalate and phosphate of lime, phosphata of magnesia, chloride of, ammonium, silicate, nitrate, sulphate, and oxalate of potassa oxalate of soda, chlorides of sodium and potassium, peetates and pectinates of... 

Derived from Ammonium Phosphate, Potassium Phosphate, Potassium Nitrate, Urea, Iron EDTA, Manganese EDTA and Zinc EDTA. 

Chlorides. — On dissolving 1 gm. of ammonium phosphate in 20 cc. of water, and adding 5 cc. of nitric acid, followed by silver nitrate solution, not more than a very slight opalescence should develop. 

---