Ammonium perfluorooctanoate

Synonyms Octanoic acid, pentadecafluo-roammonium salt ammonium pentadecafluo-rooctanoate ammonium perfluorocaprylate FC-143 

Toxicology. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate is an hepatotoxin in rats there are no reports of adverse effects in humans. 

In workers exposed to airborne levels up to 7.6mg/m blood levels of organic fluoride were higher than background but there were no adverse health effects attributable to the exposure.  

In rats ammonium perfluorooctanoate induced hepatomegaly that was more pronounced in the male than in the female. Male rats are thought to be more sensitive to the toxic effects of ammonium perfluorooctanoate because of their slower excretion rate. The rapid excretion by female rats is due to active renal tubular secretion, which is considered to be hormonally controlled by estradiol and testosterone levels. The hepatomegaly was hypertrophic rather than hyperplastic and involved proliferation of peroxisomes. 

The LCso for 4 hours in male rats was 980 mg/m this exposure caused an increase in liver size and corneal opacity that diminished over time in survivors. Exposure of male rats to 8mg/m 6 hours/day for 10 of 12 days produced reversible liver weight changes, reversible increases in serum enzyme activities, and liver necrosis. No ocular changes occurred. No observable effects occurred at Img/mk 

---

AMMO 2.5 EC , cypermetlu-in, 13 Ammonia, 13 Ammonium acetate, 13 Ammonium arsenate, 13 Ammonium benzoate, 13 Ammonium bicarbonate, 13 Ammonium bifluoride, 14 Ammonium bisulfite, 14 Ammonium carbamate, 14 Ammonium carbonate, 14 Ammonium chloride, 14 Ammonium chlorplatmate, 14 Ammonium clu omate, 14 Ammonium citrate, 14 Ammonium diclu omate, 14 Ammonium fluoride, 14 Ammonium fomiate, 15 Ammonium hexafluorosilicate, 15 Ammonium hydroxide, 15 Ammonium metavanadate, 15 Ammonium molybdate, 15 Ammonium nitrate, 15 Ammonium oxalate, 15 Ammonium perfluorooctanoate, 15 Ammonium persulfate, 15 Ammonium phosphate, 15 Ammonium picrate, 16 Ammonium salicylate, 16... 

Ammonium chloride fume Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium sulphamate Amosite, see Asbestos n-Amyl acetate sec-Amyi acetate Aniline and homologues " Anisidine (o>. p-isomers)... 

Rats fed diets containing 30 or 300ppm ammonium perfluorooctanoate for 2 years had increased liver weights with occasional necrosis and an apparent dose-dependent increase in Leydig cell adenomas, but there was no evidence of an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. In a follow-up study in male mice, 300ppm in the diet for 2 years caused increases in liver, Leydig cell, and pancreatic acinar cell tumors that may have been associated with the peroxisome-proliferating capabilities of the compound. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate also produced sustained increases in serum estradiol concentrations. ... 

The 2003 ACGIH threshold limit value-time-weighted average (TLV-TWA) for ammonium perfluorooctanoate is 0.01 mg/m with an A3 animal carcinogen designation and a notation for skin absorption. 

Griffith ED, LongJE Animal toxicity studies with ammonium perfluorooctanoate. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J4 516-585, 1980... 

Pastoor TP, Lee KP, Perri MA, Gillies PJ Biochemical and morphological studies of ammonium perfluorooctanoate-induced hepatomegaly and peroxisome proliferation. Exp Mol Pathol 47 98-109, 1987... 

Kennedy GL Jr Dermal toxicity of ammonium perfluorooctanoate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 81 348-355, 1985... 

Staples RE, Burgess BA, Kerns WD The embryo-fetal toxicity and teratogenic potential of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APLO) in the rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol 4 429-440, 1984... 

Cook JC, Murray SM, Lrame SR, et al Induction of Leydig Cell adenomas by ammonium perfluorooctanoate a possible endocrine-related mechanism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 113 209-217, 1992... 

Ammonium chloride (fume) Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium sulfamale Amosfte n-Amyl acetate sec-Amyl acetate Aniline and homologues Anisidine (o-, p- isomers) Antimony and compounds Antimony trioxide as Sb ANTU Argon... 

Howell RD, Johnson JD, Drake JB, Youngblom RD (1995) Assessment of the bioaccu-mulative properties of ammonium perfluorooctanoate static. 3M Technical Report. May 31. EPA AR 226-0496... 

Han, X. 2003. Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate Age Effect on the Plasma Concentration in Post-Weanling Rats Following Oral Gavage. Study No. Dupont 13267. EPA AR226-1553. Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences. December 15, 2003. 

In aqueous copolymerization, which has similar reaction conditions to emulsion polymerization of PTFE, inorganic peroxy compounds, such as ammonium persulfate, are used as initiators, and also a perfluorinated emulsifying agent, such as ammonium perfluorooctanoate, is added.42... 

Fig. 11 Nascent radiation initiated PTFE dispersion particles. The polymerization conditions were (a) 0% emulsifier, 90 min, (b) 0.5% emulsifier, 60 min, (c) 1% emulsifier, 60 min, (d) 2% emulsifier, 90 min, all for essentially the same radiation dose rate at 25 °C in water (with 1.3% hexadecane and ammonium perfluorooctanoate emulsifier) at 30-kg/cm2 pressure. The measured molecular weights, the corresponding extended chain lengths (eel) the and dimensional characteristics are, respectively, (a) Mn = 230 x 104, edn = 6.0 pm, particle volume approximately 7 x 108 Da (b) Mn = 50 x 104, eel = 1.3 pm, rod diameter approximately 100 molecules (c) Mn = 20 x 104, ed = 0.52 pm rod length (d) Mn=2xl04, ed = 520A. (Reprinted from Ref. [14] with permission from Wiley-Interscience)...

In the last of the six papers Hong and Huang have examined how added surfactants such as FC-143, ammonium perfluorooctanoate [CF3(CF2)6 CO2NH4], influenced the Ti02-photocatalyzed decomposition of a large number of PCB congeners adsorbed on soils [102]. The authors concluded that the perfluorinated surfactants are photostable and do not get directly involved in the photochemistry of the chlorobiphenyls (unlike the surfactants mentioned earlier), and the surfactants extract the PCBs from the soil which are then expeditiously photoxidized on TiC>2. This represents a novel two-stage procedure to remove PCBs from soil and then destroy them. 

Currently, there is concern about the use of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO), also known as C8 , which is necessary for the manufacture of fluorinated plastics and elastomers in water. C8 is a perfluorinated anionic surfactant used as a dispersing agent in the polymerization and copolymerization of many fluoropolymers, including poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), poly(vinylidene... 

Polymerization of vinylidene fluoride by emulsion or suspension polymerization in water is conducted at conditions of 10-130 °C and 10-200 bar. In the emulsion polymerization, either water-soluble peroxides or monomer-soluble peroxy or organic peroxides are used as initiators [ 17]. Fluorinated surfactants, such as ammonium perfluorooctanoate, are used as dispersing agents. Chain transfer agents, such as acetone, chloroform, or trichlorofluoromethane, may be... 

The phenomena can be illustrated by data obtained by Ottewill and Ranee (1977) nsing polytetrafluoroetbjfcne (PTFE) latices. With well-dialyzed latices the ccc values were those recorded in the first column of Table IV. After it had been established that the perfluorooctanoate ion can adsorb on PTFE particles to give a monolayer, with an area per adsorbed perfluorooctanoate ion of 54 A, at 20% of the critical micelle concentration (2.4 X 10" mol dm" ) the ccc values were redetermined in 2.5 X 10 mol dm ammonium perfluorooctanoate. The results are given in Table IV. 

In the presence of ammonium perfluorooctanoate, it can be seen that with sodium chloride and aluminum nitrate the stability of the PTFE latex... 

Experiments using no emulsifier were conducted in tbe same stainless steel autoclave equipment described above (Machi et nf.. 1975). Stable latices were obtained, believed to be achieved by hydroxyl end groups and adsorbed hydroxyl ions. As with a number of the experiments with emulsifiers the polyethylene had a considerable cross-linked gel content. Finally, the same group of workers studied tbe radiation-induced emulsion polymerization of ethylene in a flow system (Kodama et al, 1974). Both potassium inyristate and ammonium perfluorooctanoate were used as emulsifiers. At longer residence times (above 0.2 hr) the rate of polymerization was essentially constant. As with the batch system it was assumed that the number of particles remained constant. In this region the rate was found to be proportional to tbe 0.3 power of the potassium myristate concentration and the 0.5 power of the dose rate, not too different from the batch systems. The kinetics was developed and estimates of tbe propagation rate constants obtained. Despite other similarities between the two systems, these were quite different, however, from those extracted from the batch experiment. 

Machi et at. (1974) first reported an investigation of the radiation-induced emulsion polymerization of tetrafluorocthylene, with ammonium perfluorooctanoate as the emulsifier. A 200-ml stainless steel autoclave, equipped with a magnetically driven propeller-type stirrer, was used. The standard recipe used was 28gm of monomer in 150 ml of water with 1% emulsifier (based on tbe water). n-Hexadecane (2.0 ml) was added to inhibit any gas-phase polymerization. The polymerizations were conducted at... 

Animal studies have shown that the ammonium salt of PFOA (ammonium perfluorooctanoate APFO) is well absorbed following oral and inhalation exposure, and to a lesser extent following dermal exposure. PFOA distributes primarily to the liver and plasma and may be detected in the blood stream after exposure. It does not partition to the lipid fraction or adipose tissue. PFOA is not metabolized and there is evidence of enterohepatic circulation of the compound. 

Ammonium perfluorooctanoate can be very toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It may produce a milky appearance if released into surface waters. The 96 h lethal concentration (LC50) of APFO is 766 mgl for fathead minnows and 569mgl for bluegill sunfish. 

---