High nitrogen

Aldehydes and ketones may frequently be identified by their semicarbazones, obtained by direct condensation with semicarbazide (or amino-urea), NH,NHCONH a compound which is a monacidic base and usually available as its monohydrochloride, NHjCONHNH, HCl. Semicarbazones are particularly useful for identification of con jounds (such as acetophenone) of which the oxime is too soluble to be readily isolated and the phenylhydrazone is unstable moreover, the high nitrogen content of semicarbazones enables very small quantities to be accurately analysed and so identified. The general conditions for the formation of semicarbazones are very similar to those for oximes and phenylhydrazones (pp. 93, 229) the free base must of course be liberated from its salts by the addition of sodium acetate. 

Mixed with additives, urea is used in soHd fertilizers of various formulations, eg, urea—ammonium phosphate (UAP), urea—ammonium sulfate (UAS), and urea—phosphate (urea + phosphoric acid). Concentrated solutions of urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) solutions (80—85 wt%) have a high nitrogen content but low crystallization point, suitable for easy transportation, pipeline distribution, and direct spray appHcation. 

The tabulation of plant nutrient costs, by product, ia Table 16 shows the principal reasoa for the popularity of anhydrous ammonia as a fertilizer ia the United States. The fob price per ton of nitrogen in the form of ammonia is less than half that for any other nitrogen product. Also, ammonia s relatively high nitrogen content of 82.2% favors low transportation costs, in spite of the need for specialized handling equipment and procedures. 

Additives. Because of their versatility, imparted via chemical modification, the appHcations of ethyleneimine encompass the entire additive sector. The addition of PEI to PVC plastisols increases the adhesion of the coatings by selective adsorption at the substrate surface (410). PEI derivatives are also used as adhesion promoters in paper coating (411). The adducts formed from fatty alcohol epoxides and PEI are used as dispersants and emulsifiers (412). They are able to control the viscosity of dispersions, and thus faciHtate transport in pipe systems (413). Eatty acid derivatives of PEI are even able to control the viscosity of pigment dispersions (414). The high nitrogen content of PEIs has a flame-retardant effect. This property is used, in combination with phosphoms compounds, for providing wood panels (415), ceUulose (416), or polymer blends (417,418) with a flame-retardant finish. 

Some small lattice mismatch occurs as a result of high nitrogen doping level. 

High nitrogen content distinguishes it from other controlled release nitrogen sources. 

Difliioramino compounds Fliiorodinitromethyl compounds Haloacetylene derivatives Halogen azides High-nitrogen compounds Hydroxylammoniiim salts Metal acetylides... 

MII F. A. Benson, in The High Nitrogen Compounds, Wiley, New York,... 

Table 2.25 Breakdown potentials for 316S12 stainless steel (cold worked), high nitrogen stainless steel (cold worked), titanium-6Al-4V and cast-cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy in continuously aerated aqueous acidified chloride solution 0.23 m [C1 ] pH 1.5 at 25°C. ...

High nitrogen stainless steel BS7252/9 cold worked 850 300... 

International Organisation for Standardisation Implants for Surgery—Metallic Materials — Wrought High Nitrogen Stainless Steel, Specification Number ISO 5832 Part 9, Geneva (1992)... 

Kendal, A., Truman, J. E. and Lomax, K., Proc. Conf. High Nitrogen Stress 88, Lille (1988), Inst. Metals (1988)... 

Attempts to increase the yield of l//-l-benzazepines by carrying out the reactions under high nitrogen pressure were only marginally successful. For example, in dichloromethane solution and 10 kbar nitrogen pressure for seven days, the yield of dimethyl 1-methyl-l //-benzazepine-3,4-dicarboxylate is increased to only 20%.144... 

The explosive violence of the second reaction is the reason that ammonium nitrate is used as a component of dynamite. Ammonium nitrate has a high nitrogen content... 

High-nitrogen compounds tetrazoles Alkylhydropcroxides, peroxyacids... 

Excess carbamoyl phosphate exits to the cytosol, where it stimulates pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. The resulting mild orotic aciduria is increased by high-nitrogen foods. 

Lignin amines with high nitrogen content are water soluble at both alkaline and acidic pH values. The lignin amines have various useful properties. For example, they are active as flocculants, filtration aids, scale inhibitors, fluid loss additives, oil well cement additives, and corrosion inhibitors among other potential uses. The nitrogen is introduced into the lignins with the Mannich reaction [1570]. 

FIG. 34. NMR spectra taken from (I) a highly nitrogenated a-C(N) H film as deposited (2) a highly nitrogenated a-C(N) H film annealed (3) a low nitrogen content a-C(N) H film as deposited (4) an a-C H film as deposited. (Reproduced from [86].)... 

A very shock sensitive explosive, containing nearly 90 wt% of nitrogen. See other high-nitrogen compounds, non-metal azides... 

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